Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayThe advantages of dazzle numbfishs and patrol car tv set direction are a critical tool in legal philosophy enforcement. Officers are given the option of Tasers, which are extremely effective when pursuing an awayender that might founder had the upper hand to fight for a long time, resulting in the police policeman gaining injuries. Currently, patrol car image is a necessity as photograph records will enhance an officers credibility, corroborate identities, and statement issues, and can be practiced as evidence in court. However, critical to law enforcement stun atom smashers should be used as a last resort. Let us examine some of the issues that contain some validity to arguments for the protract use of these tools within law enforcement.One whitethorn argue that a Taser (stun gun) causes muscle contractions and renders a soulfulness helpless darn being temporarily paralyzed. lee (2007) addressed this to be true, but law enforcement has maximized reading programs so that suspects and officers lives are not in jeopardy. In addition, when a stun gun is used in that respect is a permanent record and the painting surveillance is automatically recorded when an officer takes the safety off the weapon (Lee, 2007). Consequently, the stun gun is used by law enforcement specifically for self-defense, and as a result, Lee (2007) mentions there have been hundreds of arrests that would have been involved in approximately serious outcomes, such as a suspect or officers demise.Read moreEssay About Technology Advantages and DisadvantagesAs much as of 1,500 lives a year are taken by accidents with firearms in the United States (Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). However, guns have been converted into less-lethal weapons such as Tasers. In fact, the Taser gun also known as a stun gun has the strength of 50,000 volts that are connected to electrodes, and this nonlethal weapon resembles a gun in its co mposition and has varying degrees of major power. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) renowned that there are available nonlethal weapon technologies, which give citizens options and no deadly force of tralatitious guns.The stun gun is an alternative weapon that can be operated by an officer with proper didactics and is a nonlethal weapon. One must be capable of using a stun gun to subdue or neutralize a suspect so that no harm will pass on to peerlesss body. later all, not every person has the same body structure, sotherefore the stun gun can be more dangerous depending on the individual. Example, someone with a heart defibrillator can foul from a stun gun (Lee, 2007). However, with the proper training, an officer has the knowledge of reducing or increasing power on the stun gun, and the main idea here is that the Taser will immediately stop an individual in his tracks by setting the Taser to a specific level for the offender.One may argue that stun guns may promptly fa ll into the hands of criminals who will use them for criminal acts. Although, there is no arguing oer this point, nevertheless with these weapons such as stun guns, the consequences will not be deadly for either the officer or the offender. Suppose some others may say that nonlethal weapons are unrealistic but interesting. After all, one knows an advance of technological knowledge is essential in law enforcement.For example, when Tasers are used in the muscular areas, the offenders nervous system is shut down for up to 30 seconds. As a result, the officer is safe from harm. Finally, an officer now has efficient time to confine or restrain the suspect. Hence, no one gets hurt. Law enforcement wants to prevent any misuse. An individuals background is nationally run through to verify his credit observance information, age, and identification. Finally, there is a check for any felony convictions, not to mention terrorist watch lists. If any information pertaining to felonies return up , the individual will be turned away.When one uses a patrol car and it is equipped with video surveillance, he is being protected in many ways because video does not lie. Whether the officer is playing inappropriately or the suspect is acting hostile the video will prove to be the most critical evidence. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) assures surveillance systems are great additions to police cars. They protect both sides, and if one thinks about it, he would rather be stunned than shot. The most distinct video surveillance brings the highest quality to agencies. They are promiscuous to use and they have the technology to transfer, gather, and retrieve evidence. In fact, the video is shared with court officials and the prosecution while maintaining the integrity of the original video.There are no negative factors in having patrol car video surveillance. This tool is capable of functional requirements and meeting legislative mandates. Typically, patrol car surveillance sys tems tend to use analog tape technologies, which can be copied and transferred. However, boilers suit performance in these surveillance systems is limited.In conclusion, the overall success with law enforcement and the violence out there today are critical tools for an officers self-defense. In addition, Taser and video surveillance are the most chosen tools in law enforcement. Furthermore, when the Taser is used properly and efficiently, it will discourage the most hostile offenders, whereas most nonlethal weapons will not having the necessary means. Meanwhile video surveillance can help an officers defense or a suspects guilt in court as it is a permanent video record of an incident. Moreover, video surveillance is never bias, the truth is right in straw man of you.ReferencesLee, Harry. (2007, February 19). JPSO Tasers Have Proven To Be A Near-Perfect Non-Lethal Weapon That Stuns. Sheriffs Weekly Journal, 27(31), 36, 1/3. Retrieved May 28, 2008, fromhttp//search.ebscohost.com/l ogin.aspx?direct=truedb=f5hAN=24245269site=ehost-liveTennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). Non-Lethal Weapons Alternatives To blistering Force. The Futurist, 27(5), 20. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID 479634).

Abigails Party Essay Example for Free

Abigails caller EssayMy group and I ar working on a simulated military operation called the birthday Party By Harold Pinter. The work is lot in 1960s. The face we doing is about a man, names Petey returning home from some sort of morning time to job to a boarding house where his wife, whos called zillion and is the owner, fusses around him. We start to see that this routine is actually basic and a sense of this what they do e really day. As the scene goes on Stanley comes in and plays sort of a grumpy teenager. I play the part of Petey. At the time of this plays consideration, men had more of a paramount role in society and the women didnt work much and did more of the housework.This could mean that the male characters in plays around this time were more dominate and women did more housework and beneficial like Meg, fussed around their married man as he was the only source of income, this could influence Meg as being fussy and concerning over Petey. The war would dumbfound been less than two decades ago so that may influence the characters in plays. Meg maybe fussing around he husband because he was a war-hero influencing her to very proud and caring of husband, or maybe Petey only has a morning job because he is slightly injured, this could influence his physical expression.This is incompatible from the text that we have studied called Abigails Party because was set in the 1970s where women had a more preponderant role than in the 1950s. The women were more out-spoken and more free to work have more social activities. In Abigails Party there was a lot more conflict and more fiery action amongst characters unlike in the Birthday Party it was Meg said a comment, which Petey may of thought was stupid, Petey just answered simply in a slow pace and showed no motivation to want to speak.In Abigails Party when a comment was made that one of the partners didnt like to hear they either fought about it or gave a sarcastic comment to show their an noyance whereas in the Birthday Party I, Petey, just gave short naive unmotivated answers to a persistent and fussing Meg. The two plays showed different ways of coping with situations as throughout the scene we performed Petey showed boredom and Meg carried on being quirky, fussy and questionable, in comparison to that in Abigails Party they handled situations in a more sarcastic, and argumentative.The two plays are humorous on different levels. The Birthday Party is preposterous because of we can see Peteys clear boredom of having this conversation and routine, which we can tell is a daily liaison he goes through. Megs stupid comments just to speak and engage with Petey and in cases, to know out side life, is particular(a) to us because the questions are stupid like when hes just got the corn flakes and she asks if they are nice and he hasnt point tasted them. However, the two plays have similarities. Pinter and Leigh are both known for naturalism.The scene on Birthday Party I performed was very natural and realistic nothing out of the ordinary happened it was very simple and plain further it was easy to relate to which made it effective and the birthday party as too naturalistic and possibly more modern and in the effect of couple arguing and women playing more dominate roles. However, the Birthday Party as it goes on turns out to be more absurd and super-natural. Both plays also have fussy and inquisitive women. Meg is very questionable to Petey and wanting to know things, Bev.Tries to keep the gathering shes got alert and wanting people to pay attention to her likewise to Meg wanting Peteys attention. The historical and social setting is fairly similar as the man in Birthday Party does seem to have the dominant role as Meg does everything for him cooking, washing etc. Contrastingly to when Angie says something against Tony, like he is argumentative or wont do something, he takes action by shouting or grabbing her hand. Angie stops and doesnt prote st showing men still had some dominant role in the 70s.We are presenting our play as the auditory sense in a semi-circle in one end of the studio and us performing in the former(a) half of the circle. This allows the audience to be the third wall, which is very in the style of Pinter and Leigh. This can give the audience more of a role and part, its very soap like, which is naturalistic, just as the plays studied, are intended to be. We are using different techniques and styles of performing such as giving each character more or less just one characteristic and not changing the pace much.For example when I play Petey I kept the same tone and tired motivation to tell the audience that Ive been doing this for a very long time. For Meg she kept her fussing and questionable ways and when Stanley comes down he was more mellow and got the office of Ive got my wrapped round my little finger. We used symbolism in our play, for example my paper. When I played Petey, the paper was my onl y bit of something new for that day, everything else was the same predictable self but my paper, which Im though out the scene reading or holding, gives me salivation from Meg and the predictable ways.We are keeping the style very naturalistic. This is different from the different play as the characters pace changed very much through the play. At one time they would be talking and the next minute there would be an argument to change the pace and the mood in which all the characters felt. You never felt the characters would stay for long at one place whereas Petey stayed in the soften all the time and kept his pace the same except it did change sometimes. The other text (Abigails party) influenced our public presentation by making Meg a little more dominate and persistent for Peteys attention.

A Piece of Peace Essay Example for Free

A Piece of Peace Es pleadThe terrorist attacks on September eleventh affected more than undecomposed the lives of those in mint who were the direct victims of the attacks. An entire nation was victimized and the whole nation grieved for those who suffered in New York City. As the attacks occurred I sat in my high school incline class and while the t from each iodineer taught I sidereal day dreamed. It was a typical Tuesday morning and to be transparent I did non ever hear her the first time she explained the tragic events that had taken place sightly moments ago. I heard the word terrorists and the fragments of statements like hundreds died this morning when. Then, I could only hear my heart squeeze in my ears. I watched my teacher turn on the TV. She flipped through several stations. I dont remember what I saw but I can remember what I heard. It was the sound of people crying. Over the attached few months, as a nation, we followed the story as did the world. I can rem ember President render attempting to comfort the join States and telling us the States would be going to fight for reasons that werent clear to me then(prenominal) and certainly arent clear to me now.Somewhere between the night of September 10th, when I was plotting how I was going to forefend school the next morning and the night of September 11th, I grew up. When I look back on that time in my smell I am left with a single haunting pattern It is the pursuit of calmness which leads to destruction. Even today, years after the terrorist attacks, people still talk about how that day changed everything. I agree, in some counsellings. It changed me and I became something bare-ass. It changed my family. It changed how American view other Americans and how we view the rest of the world.Americans brace since the birth of the nation conceived that their vogue was the best bearing. Americans were shocked to find out that people hated them abounding to want to kill them. Septe mber 11th labored Americas to reflect on the military, social, and political actions of America and how they accompli run out people of other countries. Perhaps Americans are not always in the right. For example, President provide I gave weapons to the Afghan people to win a war against Russia. When the Afghan people defeated the Russian, Afghanistan was completely destroy. American promised them they will help rebuild but they did not.That is why the terrorist were able to come into the country and making a terrorist breeding ground. I dont think that September 11th effects the way Americans conduct their lives daily. People who say it does are feeling the pressure of guilt. Society says we must not forget, and as Americans say we wont. As a nation the citizens learned that thither is a fine line between terrorist and independency fighter- we are skilful afraid to view as it and seem unamerican. Those men who ran planes into building, killed Americans and killed themselves wa nted only angiotensin converting enzyme thing peace.They wanted freedom from the western world and choose to die. fair(a) as we wanted independence from England centuries ago. In looking for peace they destroyed lives, families, and shook the protected ground the coupled States sat on. It made the country stronger but not smarter. I am anxious over the global discord and the cultural ignorance that seems to grow between the United States and the rest of the world. The problems in Iraq foretell and may spark future clashes with a number of civilizations in the future. Just recently I drove home from work and I flipped through different radio stations.I caught the end of Bob Dylans The Times They Are A-Changing. Its funny because that is my moms favorite song and I had forgotten it existed. I still can hear her sing, Come gather round people Wherever you roam / And admit that the waters Around you have grown /For the times they are a-changin, while she tinkered around in the kitch en way before anyone else got up. I dont know that I ever really listened to the words before. Dylan knew and my mom knew things I was nevertheless beginning to. Dylan and my mom knew theres a battle outside And it is ragin and September 11th did shake our windows and rattled our walls.As a nation its citizens have no right to pink What we you cant understand and our sons and your daughters Are beyond our your command (Dylan). Our soldiers fight a war for reasons no one really knows for America that would rather criticize them then help in country that does not seem to want peace. Dylan sings about the injustice in war and that we should not be afraid to speak our minds Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes widely The chance wont come again And dont speak too soon For the wheels still in pull And theres no tellin who That its namin.For the loser now Will be by and by to win For the times they are a-changin. (Dylan) Bush wants peace but for hi s own reasons and through those reasons American soldiers are dying, and so are the Iraqi people. It is ironical that while those terrorists die nobly but ur soldiers die in such a cruel way. McKay writes in his poem, If We Must Die, that people should not die for nothing or by doing nothing. That death is inevitable, especially in war, but all people must fight for the things we want in this world and hold on to life and liberty as long as we can O kinsmen we must meet the commons foeThough far outnumbered let us show us brave, And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow What though before us lies the open grave? Like men well aspect the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back (Claude McKay) In the summer of 2001 I was lying in my hammock and I could see a butterfly in my backyard. I remember as a child learning that caterpillars itch and go into cocoons to find peace from that. Change in a way is a form of destruction. To be able to be someone new people have to seduce up their old selves and move past who they used to bee.When a child develops into an adult, he must founder up his toys, his childhood beliefs like believing in Santa Claus. His childhood fantasies must be destroyed if he is to move on. In the years that followed September 11th I could feel myself adapt to my new surround (White puff 2). White, through the use of nature explores the scary nature of change I have to shed my skin again Adapt to my new surroundings become another version of myself. The change inwardly me does not happen overnight but through the evolution of my life (White) I was filled with Americans sensation of patriotism and unity.The new American was like the first fish that grew tiny legs (White assembly line 8). Christine Whites poem, Molting reminded me that it was not just me that grew up, the United States did too. Whites point of view is that change is not a bad thing and is inevitable. tight every person around the country joined together as one united entity to conduct tribute and homage to all the fallen heroes. There was a sense of harmony and peace. In way I think America, even those the terrorist attacks were tragic, knew that such an event was needed if we were going to shed our my skin (White Line 1) and become a stronger nation.As time goes by and my bad memories fade I remember America in its full glory. Watching the cumulative effect of humanity shining through the fire and smoke. I remember how many an(prenominal) people spoke about the importance of peace and understanding. I wonder if there can be peace if Americans are divide twain support and protest our soldiers in Iraq. The war over there caused a war here between Americans. It is the protesters protest protesters on both sides of the issues each wanting peace in their own way. People who do not want our soldiers fighting in Iraq believe that they would be peace if America stopped butting into everyones business.People who are for the war in Iraq believe peace will only come after the destruction of all terrorists. In the end these protesters (on both sides) are destroying the morale and lives of people fighting in the Iraq war and are disgracing the memories of those that died. The price of peace is super high especially because Americans do not know if we can ever have it. I do know that The line it is drawn The curse it is cast / The slow one now Will later be fast / As the present now Will later be past (Dylan). I do know that America must hold her ground against the terrorists.Americans will not be tyrannized and forced to live like cowards. Even when we face the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back (McKay Line 14). The American fight for freedom and peace has also managed to destroy our economy. Oil prices increased, the value of the American one dollar bill decreased, and the stock market bottomed out. When Clinton was President the stock market was well over 10,0 00 after 9/11 it drop well under 8000. President Bush spent the Clinton Surplus on military, and it is just now in 2006 that the stock has become stabilized.I think that our economy will emerge from this adventure and become strong once again like it was before the attacks. In the pursuit of peace and destruction, people in Americans have finally understood their place in society and were back in the lie (White Line 10). Not as a not as a bystanders but an active and involuntary participants. Americans realize that there needs to be a great deal of change and those changes have started. American citizens encourage our senators, congressmen Please heed the call / Dont stand in the doorway Dont block up the dormitory (Dylan). And governmental officials are making changes.I think our nation needs to help a new generation of people realize that aftermath of that day when humans lives were lost and Americas unique humanity and independence was demonstrated. This generations hearts we re opened and turned around in the wake of airplane crashes. On September 11, 2001 many people lost their lives because men were seeking their own personal peace. Daily our soldiers are destroyed one by one for the goal of peace. The American economy struggles because of the war for peace against terrorism. Americans fight Americans over whether we should be in Iraq or not which tears apart soldiers pride.Before that Tuesday in September, I never estimate about life and death. I never considered the consequences of war and the denial of freedoms. Now that I am older, I realize that September 11, 2001 was not just pivotal point for me but America itself. Not since bone Harbor had the United States been unexpectedly attacked on its own land. Just as families pulled together so did the United States as a whole. As a nation we cried together and we healed together. To actually witness the attacks was life changing but to be part of the healing process was life affirming.

Reflective Essay Essay Example for Free

Reflective Essay EssayReflective EssayReceiving the horrible parole was much achy than walking on a thousand nails. The many times I told myself that it was completely just a dream, the more I began to believe myself. All until the horrible realization that it was happening and that it was too good to be true. Realizing that every morning I woke up to go check his room he wouldnt be there was one of the many realizations I had to experience. But there was one collateral outcome of the death of my brother. It taught me that you can never take the time you spend with your loved ones for granted regular if you only see or converse with them for five minutes, never take it for granted.I remember this sad event like it was yester twenty-four hours. My brother and I were 8 years apart. So we were very close. He unexpended off going to Pennsylvania to go to Penn State College. We talked and texted at least 3 times a sidereal day if not more. Our conversations were very misbe gotteningful and I will always cherish the ones that we had. During Christmas of 09 he came flock for the home going of my aunt. Just being able to see him was enough for me. While talking to him my scram and I noticed that he had a lump on the left side of his neck and my fix advised him to get it checked out. So, he went to the doctor and they ran tests and found out that it was a cancerous neoplasm and that they would need to run treatment right away. Finding this out, my brother then moved back to Florida to start his treatments at ORMC (Orlando Regional Medical Center).After about 3 months of treatment, the doctor said that the cancer was more aggressive than they thought it could develop so they said there was nothing else that they could do. The medical staff proceeded to dismiss Earl to hospice where he would no longer be taking chemotherapy but just medicine to relieve him of the pain. We both knew he wouldnt be with us that much longer, but the persistence and deter mination in me believed that he would live to see me reach high school, get my license, and go to prom. Over time he halt eating and had to be fed by tube. When he halt eating, I realized that sooner or later my dreams of him seeing my accomplishments the things older siblings see their younger siblings do were over. He began to get weaker and weaker and he stopped talking to anyone. I remember the last time I saw him.We were lying down in his bed together and we were singing his favorite song. As it was time for me to go he said I love you Boo and those were the last words I ever got to hear him say to me. The next night, we totally got that dreading phone call that he had left us here on earth to be with the ethereal father. The news was just heartbreaking and I couldnt bear to hear it.This experience was very painful but it also allowed for me to gain some positivness in my thinking. Many teenagers today live life being ungrateful and snobby. Walking around thinking like that isnt always the best because as the reference says you never realize what you had until its gone. Nowadays it takes a tragedy for modern day teenagers to learn and supply gratitude towards parents and family members. The death of my brother awakened me to live life to the fullest and dont go a day not doing anything because you never know when your time may be.It also taught me to never go a day without telling my other siblings and my parents I love you. Just saying those simple three words could mean a lot to anyone. Another thing it taught me was to always be happy and greet others with a smiling and hug(depending on how well you know the person), even some strangers are welcome to hug if they are having a bad day. Just doing the simplest things could impact someone elses life and you would never know. So if there is anything I could leave you with, never take life for granted, live life to its fullest and enjoy yourself. Make your life worthwhile and enjoy it.

Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

integrated Governance Essay rescindThis paper examines whether the net income of the chief executive director military officer position in Hong Kong public unshakables is affected by maturate composition, given the influence of family figure on the boards of umpteen Hong Kong companies. It is hypothesized that I) in family-controlled boards, top dog executive Officers pass catcher high ge arr pay and II) pass Executive Officers in family-controlled boards help oneself as Chief Executive Officer positions longer. In family-controlled boards, corporeal organization is of very high importance as the independent non-executive directors drive out pattern less influence over the board, compargond to non-family-controlled boards ( sprinkle boards). Keywords Board composition, Remuneration, Corporate Governance.1.INTRODUCTIONThe economic turmoil in Asia in 1997 has led to a wider recognition of the importance of corporate cheek. In line with global trends towards hi gher standards of corporate governance, the duties and liabilities of the directors of the listed companies father therefore become more stringent.It follows that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to varan board members whitethorn be less effective for family-owned and family-controlled business dissolutes. However, to attr action outside investors, family-owned and family-controlled firms tend to encourage greater independency and monitoring from the board.For the purposes of the study, family-owned and family-controlled ar ingestiond interchangeably. The reason is that existent family monomania is difficult to ascertain due to versatile sh atomic number 18holdings and special purpose vehicles that atomic number 18 used, and can non be deduced from annual reports.Thus, in this study we classify family-control and family- willpower when the board is make of a mass of related family members as a family-controlled board. When it is not, we classify it as a disp ersed board. In practice, there atomic number 18 instances where the family owns the majority of a company but comprise of a minority of the board, and it is attainable that the family is able to exert influence via other avenues, however, this study will not be examining such(prenominal).Family-owned firms atomic number 18 common throughout Asia. Studies signal that, family-owned firms hold more than 20 percent of the equity of listed companies in Asia, and more than 60 percent of the listed companies hand over connections with family-owned groups (Bebchuk Fried, 2006). Family-owned businesses represent the predominant form of listed companies in Hong Kong (Standard myopics, 2002). such family ownership structure implies the strong influence of dominant shareholders and go aways limited voice for minority shareholders. Compared to the Anglo-American environment, where ownership blocks are less concentrated but institutional investors are more prevalent, in Hong Kong, ther e is less of a finishing for non-executive directors or minority shareholder activists to challenge.Variations in ownership structure may lead to disputes in the nature of authority fightings, the integrity-valued functions of directors may vary in accordance to the ownership structure. For family-owned firms, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) argue that the primary agency fight is betwixt a family owner and non-family owners. Meanwhile, for widely held firms, Berle and Means (1932), and, Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that the primary agency conflict is in the midst of executives and shareholders. As a consequence, tying wage to performance of executives may prove the most effective way to rationalize this agency conflict.To date, a vast of literatures published in new-made years show the growing recognition of influences of family-owned firms and executive net profit on corporate governance. Many studies adjudge tended to focus on the use of recompense contracts to alig n interests of executives with owners in family-owned firms.The rise in executive hire in recent years has been the put forward of public criticism, which moreover intensified corporate governance scandals.Therefore, the question whether a correlation coefficient exists between remuneration and family-control in board composition at Hong Kong-listed companies.2.OBJECTIVESIn 1994, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited introduced rules that pack listed firms to disclose the remuneration of directors. Before 2004, there was no requirement to disclose the names and remuneration of directors (Cheng Firth, 2005).The revelation of Financial Information rule under Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limiteds lean Rules was amended on 31 March 2004 to require full divine revelation, on an individual and named basis, of directors fees and any other reimbursement or benefit payable to a director. In growth, Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standard 2 requires listed firms to disclose dir ectors share- ignorantd remuneration.The reckon on Corporate Governance Practices forms part of the Listing Rules and came into effect on 1 January 2005. According to the command on Corporate Governance Practices, Hong Kongs listed firms should be over sympathisen by an effective board, which should assume responsibility for the leadership and control of the listed firm, and the members of which should be collectively responsible for promoting the success of the firm by directing and supervising its affairs. Directors should make decisions objectively in the best interests of the firm.In regards of remuneration policy for firms directors, the Code on Corporate Governance Practices requires the disclosure of information related to the firms directors remuneration policy and other remuneration-related matters. There should be a formal and transparent procedure for setting policy on executive directors remuneration. The Chief Executive Officer, a director in the board of company, wil l hence have his/her full remuneration disclosed.It is recommended that remuneration should be set at a level sufficient to attract and retain directors of the caliber required to suffer the company successfully, but companies should avoid paying more than is necessary.However, it is argued that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less effective for family-owned firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned firms tend to encourage greater independence and monitoring from the board.In Hong Kong, there are quite a number of listed companies have a high closeness of family ownership. It is common for the top executives of family-owned firms in Hong Kong to be family members. The rise of remuneration of family executives in family-owned firms has been the subject of public criticism.Recognizing this, the purpose of this research is to find out whether there is any relationship between family-board-control of firms and remuneration of Chief Executive Officers. To summarize, this study revolves around the following major objectives. To test whether there are of import differences in Chief Executive Officers remuneration for family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms (specifically firms with family-controlled boards and firms without family-controlled boards) To find out whether Family Chief Executive Offices (cases where the Chief Executive Officer are family members of the family-controlled boards) are awarded riotous compensation, compromising standards of corporate governance To examine the tenure of Chief Executive Officers for family-controlled firms vs non-family-controlled firms, given that there may be differences in the boards ongoing applause and demand of the results delivered by the Chief Executive Office and To test whether there are significant differences in corporate governance structure of family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms.3.LITERATURES REVIEW, HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPME NT3.1 Agency theoryIt is commonly acknowledged that ownership structure, the basis of corporate governance, is important to the overall performance of firms. While there are a vast number of literatures discussing ownership structure, agency theory is frequently cited as a foundation.In modern corporations, the insularity of ownership and control leads to agency conflicts that can be alleviated through various corporate governance mechanisms (Fama and Jensen, 1983). As one such mechanism, compensation schemes are designed to provide bonuss that align the behavior of agents to act on behalf of principles (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This relationship between executive compensation and firm performance has received considerable tutelage from the general public and academics.One of the issues in the field of management is the impact of family influence (Mishra et. al., 2001 McConaughy et. al., 1998) and corporate governance on the value of a firm (Khatri et al., 2001 Kwak, 2003 Blac k et al., 2003).There are various studies in assorted areas like accounting, economics, finance, law and management have been conducted to study such impact (Mishra et al., 2001 Kwak, 2003 Blacket al., 2003 Andersen and Reeb, 2003). These studies have resulted in interest and useful observations.According to Alchian and Demsetz (1972), the principal agent fuss comes from hidden action due to asymmetric information. The centre of a firm is that, it permits people to work as a team. It is the cooperation of a team that leads to a firms output. Thus, the agency line inevitably arises in corporate governance.According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), agent problem arises from the conflict of interests between shareholders as the principals and the executives as the agents. Consequently, end control rights fall into the hands of management instead of the residual cash flow claimants. As a result, the sum of monitoring expenditures be incurred by the principal, bonding expenditures inc urred by the agent, and the value of the lost residual borne by the principal are included as the cost of agency.In general, when ownership of a firm becomes more dispersed, the agency problem will be deteriorated due to the unfitness of the comparatively small shareholders to monitor the behavior of management. The monitoring of managers by shareholders is also weakened by free-rider problem. To decline the problem of agency, Ang (2000) and Denis and Sarin (1999) suggested the shareholding of management to be cast upd in order to make the executive a significant claimant.An inverse correlation exists between the dispersed ownership and firm performance (Berle and Means, 1932), because executives interests do not coincide with the interest of shareholders so that corporate resources are not used for the maximization of shareholders wealth. This view has been support by many scholars. Shleifer and Vishny (1986), McConnell and Servaes (1990), and Zingales (1995) found a strong posit ive relationship between ownership concentration and corporate performance.In transitional economies, Xu and Wang (1999) and Chen (2001) found a positive relationship between actual firm performance and ownership concentration for a sample of listed Chinese companies.3.2Ownership StructureIt is common in Hong Kong, that ownership structure is characterized by single dominant owners (Chau Leung, 2006). A report of the Corporate Governance work Group of the Hong Kong Society of Accountants in 1995 indicated that a high concentration on family-controlled listed firms is highly entrepreneurial and expedient in their business strategies, however, the report also indicate that these firms with single dominant owners lack resources and corporate culture to maintain strong internal corporate control.The 2001 Review on Corporate Governance by the Hong Kong stand up Committee for Corporate Law Reform, as intumesce as a report from Standard Poors, indicated that family ownership structur es present particular challenges. Theoretically, there is a major puzzle regarding the constituent of family in sizable firms (Bertrand Schoar, 2006 Villalonga Amit, 2006).In family-controlled firms, threatening factors may negatively influence the firms value (Demstez, 1983 Demstez and Lehn, 1985). Table 1 as at a lower place lists positive and negative factors affecting the relationship between family control and firm value. It shows that there is still difference of opinion among researchers on this topic of importance.3.3Family Chief Executive OfficersIn this study, whether a person belonging to the family acts as a Chief Executive Officer is taken into account. We classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members (family-controlled board). When it is not, we classify it as a dispersed board. Family Chief Executive Officers have substantial stockholdings of 5 percent or more (Daily Dollinger, 1993), with such given bargaining power, can be evaluate to influence the size and structure of their remuneration packages to their own benefit. Thus, for the purposes of this study, Chief Executive Officers with stockholdings of less than 5 percent are not counted as Family Chief Executive Officers.There are differing opinions on whether such Family Chief Executive Officers have higher or lower remunerations at such family-controlled firms. Some believe that such Family Chief Executive Officers are receiving above-average compensation due to the family-controlled board, as well as their strong ability to influence remuneration deputation.Oh the other hand, others take the opposite view and see that Family Chief Executive Officers should be receiving below-average compensation. There is several reasons for this expectation. First of all, both anecdotal (Applegate, 1994 Kets de Vries, 1993) and empirical (Allen Pamian, 1982 Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001 Schulze et al., 2001) endorse suggest that incumbents with family ties to owners enjoy high employment security.As argued by Beehr (1997), the Family Chief Executive Officer inherently plays two overlapping and interdependent roles a work role as steward of the company, and a non-work role as fulfillment of family obligations. In reciprocity for this role duality, the Family Chief Executive Officer is rewarded with a relatively assured job (Allen Pamian, 1982 Kets de Vries, 1993 Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001).Moreover, some literatures suggested that evaluators are more likely to make positive performance attributions to employees when there are emotional ties between monitoring and those being judged (Cardy Dobbins, 1993). It is evaluate that in family-controlled firms, board members in their role as monitors may be less inclined to attribute disappointing results to the Family Chief Executive Officer, heavy(p) the benefit of the doubt to the incumbent when interpreting ambiguous performance data.Agency theory suggests that there are inherent conflicts between shareholders and executives. Applying agency theorys logic, the above scenario suggests that in family-controlled firms, risk adverse agents would consider higher job security for lower earnings if they are related to principals. Family Chief Executive Officers mitigate usual agency costs because of their aligned interests with the owners (Anderson Reeb, 2003). The information asymmetry problem in agency relationships may also be reduced given the close ties between Family Chief Executive Officers and the owners. Since they hold high ownership stakes, Family Chief Executive Officers have sufficient incentives to place family welfare ahead of personal interests, thus may perform better than firms with non-family Chief Executive Officers.Barney (2001) suggested that appointing family members as Chief Executive Officers may be beneficial. Tradition, loyalty, and bonding relationships determine how resources are deployed in family firms. Family Chief Execut ive Officers build common interests and identities (Habbershon Williams, 1999) and play a dual role by being both owners and executives (Chang, 2003 Yiu, Bruton, Lu, 2005).Through social relationships with managers and employees, Family Chief Executive Officers may help to obtain intangible resources such as goal congruence, trust, and social interactions, providing valuable, unique, and hard-to-imitate competitive advantage (Chu, 2011 Liu et al., 2011 Luo Chung, 2005).The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors remuneration.Executives in firms controlled by a large shareholder receive more compensation for performance, than executives in firms lacking a controlling owner (Gomez-Mejia et al., 1987).Mehran (1995) examined the relationship between executive remuneration, ownership structure and firm performance. The results indicate that firms, which have more outside directo rs, have a higher percentage of executive remuneration in equity-based form. Moreover, the percentage of equity-based remuneration is inversely related to the outside directors equity ownership, i.e., the executives equity-based remuneration rose if the outside directors owned less of the company, and vice-versa.Next, Mehran (1995) turned to firm performance, and its relationship to executive remuneration and ownership structure. He used Tobins Q and return on assets as measures of firm performance. He found firm performance to be positively related to the percentage of executive remuneration that is equity-based. However, Mehran (1995) no relationship between firm performance and ownership structure. He concluded that the results support the notion that executive remuneration should be tied to firm performance.There is a vast amount of literature on turnover of the Chief Executive Officer position (Furtado and Karan, 1990 Kesner and Sebora, 1994 Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996 Pitch er et al., 2000). However, according to Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996), the relationship between remuneration and turnover has not been subjected to rigorous empirical examination, even given the emphasis on retention as a exculpation for high remuneration of Chief Executive Officer.The following hypotheses are framedHypothesis 1 In family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receive higher compensation.Hypothesis 2 Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer.3.4Board CompositionThe role of the board is expected to represent shareholders, provide strategic guidance to and effective oversight of management, foster a culture of good governance, and promote a safe and healthy working environment within the company.In accordance to Hong Kong Stock Exchange Listing Rule 3.10, the board of directors is required to have at least three independent non-executive directors. The presence of actually independent non-executive directors in the corporate governance regime is seen as one way of mitigating agency problem associated with concentrated family ownership.In family-owned firms, given the influence of family control on the remuneration and performance relationships exists, where the majority of shares are in the hands of family members, under this circumstance, the executive and risk-bearer functions are merged and more of the wealth consequences of the executives decisions are internalized. In other words, there is less breakup of ownership and control and thus lowering agency costs, which in turn leads to less cost for monitoring by outside directors. Therefore, firms closely controlled and managed by family members are expected to use lower proportion of outside directors compared with firms with disperse ownership.In widely held firms, with ownership dispersed among many investors, investors are often small and poorly informed to exercise even the control rights they actually have. Moreover, th e free-rider problem spunkd by individual investors makes them uninterested in expending effort to learn about the firms they have financed, or even to participate in the governance (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). As a result, the larger degree of separation of ownership and control in widely held firms leads to greater conflicts. The use of outside directors by widely held firms is expected to be more.3.5Remuneration CommitteeIn 1999, remuneration committees were uncommon in Hong Kong, with only few firms reporting their macrocosm (Cheng Firth, 2005). Since 2006, Hong Kong Stock Exchange proposes a rule to require issuers to set up a remuneration committee, with the committee chairman and a majority of the members being commutative Non-executive Directors.In family-owned firms, the positions of the Chief Executive Officer are usually held by family members, who can influence the level of remuneration paid to directors. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remunera tion committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors remuneration.The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends that the majority of remuneration committee members be Independent Non-executive Directors. The presence of Independent Non-executive Directors on the remuneration committee is supposed to be used as monitoring mechanism that prevents excessive remuneration for executive directors (Basu et al., 2007), including that of the Chief Executive Officer. The role of independent non-executive directors and large institutional shareholders becomes crucial to curtailing the possible self-serving behavior of top managers (HKSA, 2001).Studies of firms in other countries show conflicting results on the relationship between remuneration and remuneration committee. Some findings show that remuneration committees tend to reduce remuneration, whereas others report the opposite (Conyon Peck, 1998 Ezzamel Watson, 1998).However, in practice it is highly likely that the Chief Executive Officer has some influence over the compensation decision (Murphy, 1999). An important question relating to the composition of remuneration committee concerns the ideal combination of outsiders and insiders. Insiders may face distorted incentives due to their lack of independence from the Family Chief Executive Officer (Bushman et al., 2004).3.6 Components of RemunerationThe basic components of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer are similar, however, the relative level and weights on the components differ (Abowd and Kaplan, 1999, and Bryan et al., 2006). Generally, remuneration of Chief Executive Officer can be divided into four basic parts a base salary, an annual bonus which is tied to some accounting measure of company performance, stock options, and long-term incentive plans, such as restricted stock plans and multi-year accounting-based performance plans. Base salary is the fixed part of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer, causi ng risk-averse executives to prefer an increase in base salary rather than an increase in bonuses. most(prenominal) components of remuneration are specified relative to base salary. Bonus in addition to the base salary, most companies offer their executives an annual bonus plan based on a single years performance. The purpose of such bonuses, as well as options, is to align the incentives of the Chief Executive Officer with that of the shareholders. Stock options are contracts, which give the owner the right to buy shares at a pre-specified exercise price. Stock options reward stock price appreciation, not total shareholder return, which includes dividends. In this study, stock options are excluded, as full details of such information would not be retrievable from annual reports. other forms of compensation restricted stock to be received by executives, it is restricted in the sense that shares are forfeited under certain conditions, which usually have to do with the longevity of employment. Many companies also have long-term incentive plans in addition to the bonus plans, which are based on annual performance. pennant executives routinely participate in supplemental executive retirement plans in addition to the company-wide retirement plans. Most executives have some sort of severance arrangement. Finally, executives often receive benefits in the form of free use of company cars, housing, etc.Based on the various conceptual and empirical evidences presented above, this study aims to understand whether the remuneration of a Family Chief Executive Officer is influenced by the board composition, i.e. whether it is family-controlled or not. This ties into the original Hypothesis 1, thus, the further hypotheses is framed as followsHypothesis 3 The higher the proportion of independent non-executive members on the board of directors at family-board-controlled firms, the lower the Chief Executive Officer remuneration.

Hydropower plants Essay Example for Free

Hydro authority plants EssayIntroduction In this paper Im departure to investigate the characteristics features of the hydro index number as one of the potential alternative key energy come. I provide establish advantages and damages of hydroworld power plans and compargon them with the traditional means of energy proceeds. I will also establish the Environmental and loving Impact Assessment of the hydropower plants and investigate their application on the example of the hydropower plants in China and Argentina. I will also touch the topic of legal regulation of the hydropower plants whirl and feat. Notion of Hydropower 1. 1. Definition of hydro electricity The main charge of this paper is hydroelectricity, which squeeze out be briefly defined as electricity produced by hydropower. This is a sooner potential source of electricity in the contemporary world, which now provides round 715,000 MWe, which constitute about 19% of world electricity . Im mainly concerned wit h the advantages and disadvantages of the hydroelectricity, which be the main factors determining the forthcoming development of this source of energy. First, let us determine the main advantages of hydroelectricity.1. 2. Historic facts about the oldest hydropower stations Hydropower rump be considered as one of the oldest and one of the well-nigh powerful and perspective means of electric power generation. Among the just about famous oldest hydro-electric power stations the following can buoy be listed Cragside, located in Rothbury, England, which was causeed in 1870, Appleton, situated in Wisconsin, USA built in 1882, Niagara Falls in New York shaded in 1895, Duck Reach, located in Launceston, Tasmania, operating since 1895, Decew Falls 1, situated in St.Catharines, Ontario, Canada, which began its work in 1898 . 1. 3. Advantages of hydroelectricity This root aspect to be discussed in this section is the connection between hydroelectricity and economics. Among the main ad vantages of hydroelectricity is that it eliminates of the cost of fuel. Thus, the cost of the operation of hydroelectric plants is kind of low if compared with different means of electricity production. This is particularly important now when the toll of fossil fuels such(prenominal) as oil, natural gas or coal unalterablely grows.Hydropower plants do not charter the intention of fuel . The otherwise economic value of the hydroelectric plants is that they tend to operate much longer than fuel-fired plants. Thus, the usual operation time of the hydroelectric plants is 50 or counterbalance up to blow years ago. Besides, hydroelectric power plants involve fewer personnel due to the fact that they are highly automated. This leads to the reduction of the expenses associated with the high labor cost . Construction of the hydropower plant is particularly justified in the places where a dam has multiple purposes.For example, it was estimated that the twirl costs of the Three Gor ges dike will be covered by the electricity sold in just 5 7 years of full generation . The other possible economic benefit of hydroelectric plants is that they can attain other activities. For example, well-considered hydroelectric schemes can create picturesque water sports, which draw attention of tourists and become the additional source of revenue. Quite many countries safety to the role of reservoirs for fish farming . Besides, nigh(a) dams can be used for many purposes.Thus, dams used generally for irrigation whitethorn also parcel out the source of the constant water supply, which is beneficial for fish farming. The other positivist moment of hulking hydro dams is their ability to control floods. Thus, they are beneficial for the people living downstream of the project. In some cases dams are proved to improve transportation through creation of large reservoirs and elimination of rapids . Further, I would like to discuss the connection between the operation of the hydropower plants and babys room gas emissions.On the one yield there is no obvious emission of the deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide from the hydropower station due to the fact that is doesnt use fossil fuel, which eliminates this gas in the solve of burning. To be fair enough it should be mentioned that still some amount of carbon dioxide, which is eliminated in the process of construction of the hydropower plant, but this is quite unessential amount if compared with the fossil-fuel electricity generation . Still hydropower plants cannot be counted completely safe to the environment and further I will discuss the possible sources of emissions and threats. 1. 4.Disadvantages of hydroelectricity First possible threat of the hydropower plant is that it can have a profuse progeny on the aquatic ecosystems. There are several examples of such harmful run. Thus, dams at the Atlantic and pacific coasts of North America are proven to be the main cause of the reduction of the popu lation of pinkish-orange due to the fact that these dams serve a barrier on the pink-orange way to the spawning grounds upstream. flat construction of fish ladders in salmon habitat seems not to improve the situation . Dams also embarrass salmon to migrate to the sea as the fish has to pass through numerous turbines on its way. single of the possible ways out of this situation is the transportation of smolt downstream with the help of by barges. There are still many researches, which way on the elimination of the harmful effect of the hydropower plants on the aquatic heart . The other negative influence of the hydropower plants is their ability to change the downstream river environment. Hydropower plants can have a disruptive effect on the river beds and even lead to the loss of riverbanks due to fact that water exiting a turbine for the most part has a really little suspended sediment.As an example we can view the influence of Glen Canyon Dam, which is proven to contribute t o the erosion of sand bars of the Grand Canyon through constant cyclic flow variation . Hydropower plant can also affect the surrounding aquatic personify through changing the usual amount of dissolved oxygen in the river. Other possible threats may be attributed to the lower temperature of water exiting from turbines. This can be fatal to some aquatic faunal species. one of the most disruptive effects can be produced by the hydropower projects, which make use of the canals in order to discriminate a river at a shallower level to increase the head of the scheme.Sometimes this may lead to the complete change of the flow of the river and drying of the old riverbed, like in case of the Tekapo and Pukaki Rivers . However, it should be mentioned that dams of the hydropower plants can affect not only aquatic life. They can also produce a harmful effect on birds. As the possible example of this I can name the influence of dams of the Platte River in Nebraska on the squall Plover and S andhill Crane, which are now seriously endangered . As it was discussed above hydropower plants do not typically serve a main contributor of the greenhouse effect.However, it should be mentioned that sometimes reservoirs of hydropower plants particularly in equatorial regions may be a source of methane and carbon dioxide emission. This happens because of the decay of the plant material, which involves the creation of methane, one of the main producers of the greenhouse effect. A research conducted by the World Commission on Dams, showed that in cases when the reservoir is large in comparison with the generating capacity of the plant and when there was no prior clearing of the forests, methane emission may be even higher than that of the oil-fired thermal generation plant .However, it should be mentioned that this is true only for the tropical climate. In moderate climate conditions of Canada and Northern Europe the emission of greenhouse gas is not essential and typically constitut es not more than 2 to 8 % of emissions of conventional thermal generation. Numerous contemporary researches focus on the mitigation of the forest decay effect through underwater logging operation . One more disadvantage of hydropower plants operating on large dams is associated with the relocation of the population living on the areas, where the reservoirs are constructed.Although for the most part people get compensation for this forceful relocation, no one can very estimate spiritual and moral damage caused to the people, who have to leave the places, where their ancestors lived. In extreme cases unwise grooming may lead to the loss of the valuable cultural and historic sites as this happened during the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China, the Clyde Dam in New Zealand and the Il? su Dam in Southeastern Turkey . Finally, Id like to discuss one of the most serious potential threats of the hydropower plants operating on large dams.Although quite rare, dam failures can be considered very dangerous and can be compared with the natural disasters. let us only take a look at the case of the Banqiao Dam failure in China, with caused the death of 171,000 people. Millions of people became homeless. Large dams can be viewed as a weak point in war times as they quite often become a target of enemy bombardment, counterbalance and terrorist actions . Besides it should be mentioned that construction of the dam should be carefully considered from the geological point of view.Otherwise it can possibly lead to such disasters as the one happened in case of the Vajont Dam in Italy in 1963, which lead to deaths of 2000 people . Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest and one of the most popular sources of energy, which is considered to have a great future. This is partially due to the fact that it is viewed as a source of renewable energy and it is very valuable in the places with an adequate water source. The main advantage of the hydropower plants is that they giv e relatively cheap electricity without any visible threat to environment such as waste byproducts and air emissions.Furthermore, hydropower plants are considered as an alternative to other electric plans due to the fact that its product water is not consumed in the process of electricity production and is subjected to reuse, which is not possible in many other electricity production processes such as ones using for example fossil fuels . On the other side hydropower has not only positive(p) sides. Among its disadvantages many researchers list negative impact of the hydropower plants on the surrounding area.Hydropower plants operate on the reservoir, which are quite often artificially-made by flooding valleys. Quite often this process involves flooding of places, which used to have towns, cultivated land or places of interests. Besides, new reservoirs tend to destroy the natural habitats of aquatic life and fish places . But on the other side the same reservoirs create the new co nditions, which can be a new habitat for a new aquatic life. Other possible threat is that hydropower operations using run-of-the-river dams are received to impede the natural process if fish mitigation.This is particularly dangerous to salmon. One of the possible examples of this is problems of Pacific salmon mitigation created by the numerous large dams in the Columbia River Basin . Because of all this concerns the United States do not make emphasis on the hydropower as its main source of electricity production even due to the fact that its natural resources are quite favorable for its development. Thus, we can see that only some 2,400 of the 80,000 dams in the country are used for production of hydroelectric power.Authorities claim that construction of a new hydroelectric power plant is quit costly, but the main fact is that such construction needs much water and land, which could be used for other purposes . Besides, development of the hydropower plants in the USA is impede by the raising environmental concerns of the public. However, this doesnt mean that the USA will completely refuse to use hydropower as the possible source of energy. Among the possible future trends, named by the U. S. Geological Survey is the development of the lowly hydropower plants, which can be used by single communities to generate electricity .1. 5. Hydropower in comparison with other methods of power generation In order to realize the strengths and weaknesses of the hydropower it is very valuable to compare it with other methods of power generation. As compared with fossil-fuel generated power plants, hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions. These emissions include such environmental dangerous components as dust, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and mercury . In comparison with the nuclear power plants, hydroelectric plants are not that powerful.However, they do not present such danger to people and do not serve the source of the nuclear waste. Besides , hydroelectric plants produce electric power with the help of water, which is a renewable energy source, in contrast with uranium . Hydroelectric power plans are also seem an advantage if compared with wind farms. This is mainly due to the fact that they are more reliable and predictable. Wind is a natural factor, which can be subjected to changes, while hydropower plants with a storage reservoir are completely reliable and able to generate power when needed even in case of low water level and rainfalls.Besides, unlike wind farms hydroelectric plants are more easily operated and regulated corresponding to changes in power demand . On the other hand hydropower plants have also some disadvantages if compared with other ways of power production. Thus, we can see that construction of fossil-fueled combustion turbines does not require any specific preliminary studies, while in order to construct an environmentally-friendly hydroelectric plant researchers should carefully conduct site, h ydrological studies, and environmental and social impact assessment. In the majority of cases these studies require deep analysis of data up to 50 years old .One more disadvantage of the hydropower plants is their dependence on the level of water. Thus, in case of low rainfall or snowmelt generation of hydroelectricity can be significantly lower. However, as it was mentioned before there exist numerous ways to ensure sufficient power production even in low water years . 1. 6. Hydroelectric power production in the world In order to realize the capacity and the potential of hydroelectric power plants, lets compare the data of the following table, representing the characteristics of hydroelectric power production in the countries with the most hydro-electric capacity. countrified Annual Hydroelectric Energy Production(TWh) Installed Capacity (GW) Load Factor Peoples Republic of China 8 416. 7 128. 57 0. 37 Canada 350. 3 68. 974 0. 59 Brazil 349. 9 69. 080 0. 56 USA 291. 2 79. 511 0. 4 2 Russia 157. 1 45. 000 0. 42 Norway 119. 8 27. 528 0. 49 India 112. 4 33. 600 0. 43 Japan 95. 0 27. 229 0. 37 Sweden 61. 8 France 61. 5 25. 335 0. 25 Sources BP Annual Report, 2006.

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care Delivery Models

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care Delivery ModelsA caveat lecture mock up is an integral component for delivering uncomplaining care. Nursing care delivery model is a way of organizing at the unit level to facilitate the delivery of breast feeding care to the affected roles (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). formation of care is a key factor that determines quality of nursing care (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). Various types of care delivery models have been designed to meet the goals of efficient and effective nursing careWhile many varied care delivery models are implementd in the wards and departments of the acute care hospital that I invent in, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss them all. In the 20 bedded medical oncology ward that I work in, nursing care delivery is organised into police squad and particular nursing. Six beds are allocated to ingraft patients. One registered nursemaid is depute to be the pristine nurse of three trans envisiont patien ts each. The former(a) fourteen patients are split between ii teams of nurses. Each team has a registered nurse, an enrollight-emitting diode nurse and a patient care assistant. Thus, this paper is concerned with these two modes of organization of care. An overview of simple and team nursing models of care allow be presented. There later, the experiences of nurses involved in the delivery of care using these models of care will be discussed with regards to business organisation satisfaction and quality of care.Description of Care Delivery Model aboriginal squadEmerging in the United States in the1960s, the firsthand nursing model involves patients being allocated to individual nurses (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). One registered nurse is allocated a number of patients for whose care this nurse is accountable during the patientshospital stay (OConnell, Duke, Bennett, Crawford, Korfiatis, 2006 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).The nurse-patient relationship is the backbone of ancient n ursing. The capital nurse collaborates with other health team members, the patient and family to continually assess, plan, implement, and evaluate the patients nursing care (Reed, 1988 Sellick, Russell, Beckmann, 2003 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). When the primary nurse is unavailable to provide care, associate nurses follow the plan of care developed by the primary nurse, unless a change in patients condition necessitates a modification of the care plan, so as to confirm the continuity of care for the patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).Team NursingImplemented in the 1940s as a rejoinder to the nursing shortage contributeing from theWorld War II, team nursing is based on the premise of coaction and division of responsibilities for the nursing care of patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).In team nursing, nurses and ancillary cater with different levels of education, skills and licensure are assigned to teams and each team provides total nursing care to the patients assigned to that team (OConnell et at., 2006 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). Leadership for each team is provided by a team leader, who is an experienced registered nurse responsible for planning and supervising the provision of nursing care for patients cared for by team members. The team leader has overall account readiness for coordinating the nursing care provided, while the team members are accountable for completing their assigned tasks and for documenting the care delivered (OConnell et at., 2006).Nursing Staff trick SatisfactionPrimary TeamOne of the most important gains of primary nursing for the nurses interviewed was much encounter and enhanced relationships with patients. One nurse said, I know more about each of my patients and do not constantly have to get to know new ones. These views are consistent with Mccleod and Stellas (1992) learning where nursing faculty on medical and surgical wards were asked what they cared about primary nursing. Participants liked the enhanced rela tionships and collaboration with patients and other members of the healthcare team. To be able to take care of the same patients day after day was greatly appreciated by the nurses interviewed. This continuity of care led to the development of good relationships between the primary nurse and the patient as well as with relatives. This is an aspect that the nurses found increased their levels of rail line satisfaction (McCleod Stella, 1992).Primary nursing facilitated an in-depth knowledge of their patients and as a consequence, the nurses felt more able to act as a patients advocate. Nurses verbalised they had additional responsibility and accountability as all duties and responsibilities in taking care of a patient for his or her duration of stay is delegated entirely on a single nurse. The primary nurses interviewed sensed that they had the authority to make clinical judgments and decisions for the benefit of the patient. Their use of phrases such as freedom from control by oth ers, ability to plan and organize the workday, using knowledge to make decisions and advocating for the patient described autonomy. Autonomy refers to the ability to act according to ones knowledge and judgment, providing nursing care within the full scope of practice as defined by existing professional, regulatory, and organizational rules (Gagnon, Bakker, Montgomery, Palkovits, 2010). The nurses noted that through practicing primary nursing, their autonomy was increased.There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that nurses perceived autonomy is linked to job satisfaction. A study by Melchior, Halfens, Abu-Saad, Philipsen, van den Berg Grassman (1999) investigated the effects of a primary nursing care delivery dust on the work environment among nurses working in long-stay psychiatric care settings. Results showed that as a result of primary nursing, the nurses found more autonomy in their work and thus experienced increased job satisfaction. Similarly, Macguire and Bott ing (1990) analysed the perceptions of nursing staff, following the introduction of primary nursing into an acute medical ward for elderly people. Nurses report better communication, improved relationships and increased responsibility after implementing primary nursing. It appeared that both increased autonomy of practice and increased knowledge of specific patients, coupled with a greater continuity of care, gave nurses a high level of satisfaction than did previous methods of care delivery (Macguire Botting, 1990).On the downside, almost nurses commented that working in a primary care system tends to be isolating and this proved to be particularly difficult when they were looking after a critically ill patient. These experiences mirrored those reported by nurses in the study by Manley, Hamill, and Hanlon (1997).Team NursingNurses practicing team nursing commented that working as a team was a lot better, because past they can have somebody else backing them up. According to OCon nell et at. (2006), working collaboratively with team members serves to enhance job satisfaction, as many find this to be a learning experience that utilizes the expertise of each team member. This was back up by Rafferty, Ball, and Aiken (2001) who demonstrated that nurses who report a higher level of teamwork are more satisfied with their jobs, plan to stay in them, and are likely to experience less stress.However, enrolled nurses and the patient care assistants interviewed added that they felt the staff nurses were spending too much time with medications and writing reports while they were left to do the heavy manual work. A similar finding was demonstrated by OConnell et al. (2006). In this study, both registered nurses and enrolled nurses felt that the team-nursing model sometimes involved an uneven and unfair division of tasks that overburdened some nurses. The medication responsibilities of registered nurses within the team-nursing model obligate excessive demands on enrol led nurses as they were left with meeting the hygiene needs for the patients in their group without assistance. These tensions led to a decrease in job satisfaction.Quality of CarePrimary TeamThe nurses interviewed felt patients were more satisfied when primary nursing was in place because they received individualized care as a result of continuity and coordination of care. Primary nursing has led to the nurses having a better knowledge of the patient. Nurses pointed out that primary nursing enabled them to know each patient more closely. One nurse remarked, I know my patients like the back of my hand. Therefore, it was easier to find out what each patient needed and to meet those needs appropriately. Jenny and Logan (1992) intimate that greater knowledge of the patient is linked to the increased likelihood of picking up subtle changes in the patients condition. In addition, Perala and Hentinen (1989) found that through primary nursing, doctors received information about patients t hat was more exact and pertinent because nurses knew their patients better. This enabled nurses to provide more applicable and effective patient centred nursing care. In response to this therapeutic relationship, the patient feels more secure about and satisfied with nursing care (Jenny Logan, 2000). The nurses views were supported by the findings of Radwin (2000). In this study conducted over a 3-year period, oncology patients were asked to identify qualities of nursing care that were important to them. Professional knowledge, joint decision reservation between the patient and the nurse, individualized treatment plans, promptness to addressing individualized needs and continuity of care were some aspects of care delivery that were identified.Team NursingNurses interviewed said that since staff was administer more closely, the likelihood of missing things out was low. This, they felt, resulted in patients receiving better care. This sentiment was echoed by the nurses in OConnel l et al.s (2006) study. Moreover, nurses added that the patients benefitted from the combined skills of the team. According to the study by Cioffi and Ferguson (2009), team nursing made a difference to patient care as it was patient-oriented, all the nurses in the team were familiar with the patients receiving care, care was more complete as things were missed less often and staffs were supervised more closely. This resulted in patients receiving better care.In conclusion, providing care to a group of patients require nurses to be more efficient and use their time more effectively. Nursing care delivery models facilitate this. This paper has provided an overview of primary and team nursing care delivery models. The experiences of nurses were discussed with regards to job satisfaction and quality of care in the two models. Literature supporting the nurses experiences was then explored.