Chinese Coolie Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese Coolie Labor - Essay Examplees between the Chinese coolie trade and African knuckle down trade was that the coolies were either deceived or kidnaped and then kept in detention centers that were as dangerous as the erst used in the slave trade. The difference between the trades was that the Chinese government kept tabs on what was happening to the coolies that had been trim backed in the Latin American region, USA, Canada. The coolies were withal paid as per the contract agreement as opposed to African slaves (1).According to Hu-Dehart (1994), The coolies that went to Cuba most of them died due to mistreatment or the poor working conditions. Most of them did not out leave their contract that was mostly for around six years. The other difference between the Chinese Coolies and African slave trade is that whereas the African slaves got captured, the Chinese coolie went to work voluntarily due to factors like poverty and famine.The coolie trade is very different from the sla ve trade and cannot be considered as slave trade. This is because the two are very different. Below are some of the reasons that make the coolie trade different from the slave trade. They includedThe coolie workers had a contract according to According to Hu-Dehart (1994), the coolie workers had a contract of five years under the British and eight years in Cuba and Peru. The contract was between a free employee and an employer. The contract also spelled out the duties and obligations of the employees. It also included the wages and the other kind payment that the employer could receive like food clothing and housing (39).The coolies also had the right to buy out their contract at the end of their contract or when they reached the age of twenty-six years so long as they had the funds to buy out their contraction. In case of a slave, one remained so their whole life that is why it sis unfair to say that coolie trade was slavery since coolies had the right to regain their freedom at t he end of the contract (44).The coolies

HR Management Manners Europe Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HR Management Manners Europe Case - Essay ExampleOne of the prime issues set about by the alliance was relating to the aspect of motivation to work. Employees were seen to be less serious about their commitment towards the organization and to give personal life more grandness at all occasions. They fail to realize that at times when the organization requires employee commitment, it becomes necessary to put aside personal lives temporarily. When employees are faced with emergencies, the company realizes the situations and grants them leaves so that they can meet their responsibilities towards family and others. Similarly when the organization is encountering an emergency scenario, it is the responsibility of employees to put aside their personal lives and meet organizational needs. Employee-organization commitment is, therefore, a two mode aspect.Tom Steiger, the Director of Finance, had cited an example to Wilman related to employees motivation to work. Tom said that the company w as often late in submitting reports to the US office. A week earlier when the company was trying to meet the time schedule for accounting reports, Tom and two other employees decided to come in early on Saturday. One of the younger employees of the two had taken leave from the office after working for only two hours and then returned after almost four hours. The employee completely neglected the way out that the company was facing a deadline issue and it was required on his part to stay and help the other employees in completing the task on time.

English final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English final - Essay ExampleAfter the incident of the Fukushima catastrophe, authorities have of late come to reconsider the natural rubber protocols and designs of nuclear reactors as a mode of becoming equipped for impending calamities in case they do occur. However, most of those charged with making policies contend that nuclear power is fundamental in bridging the energy insufficiency regularly experienced by most nations because of increasing needs for energy due to industrial development. The nuclear calamity at Fukushima has accentuated majority of the arguments and counterarguments concerning the dire need to accept and adopt nuclear energy (Pineda, 2013). This paper seeks to evaluate the viability of the use of nuclear energy as compared to the challenges that it presents to the contemporary world in both the United States and other nations. There are many impediments and challenges to nuclear power usage and adoption both in spite of appearance the United States and many other countries globally. ... Most people argue, which I agree with, that the use of nuclear energy has the potential to bring about climatic variations nevertheless, thither have remained apprehensions that despite its acceptance, energy costs are expected to upsurge which is a major public fear. Nuclear power setups have encountered resistance in the modern-day world owing to disagreement in relations to its safety that can be owed to reactors failure because of inadequate training, lack of or absence of maintenance, strip designs and lack of adequate research relating to the complications bedeviling the plants. Similarly, the issue or problem of storing wastes from nuclear reactors has proven to be administratively problematic due to the environment conservational anxieties raised by nation-states and other troubled stakeholders (Gleason et al. 2001). I have already come across literature that suggests that many countries on planet earth have protested or verbalized their susp icions that the wastewater emanating from the nuclear plants may possibly have reached into waterbodies, as a result polluting it and making it unfit for human consumption (Futami, 2013). In order to experience that nuclear energy remains both a viable option for energy for the United States and other nations, governments have enacted nuclear programs that are multifaceted in nature. This means that the regulations and policies address the barriers and the challenges inhibiting the development of nuclear energy and ensuring its safety in terms of the health of human beings (Sidel & Levy, 2007). This has been achieved through the addressing of opportunities that aim at developing mod technologies and the intellectual capital to shape the global nuclear energy policy and infrastructure.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

bodied Social Responsibility - Essay ExampleCorporate sociable responsibility, though very important, may rarely come without serious concern for better financial performance or increased market share. In other words, studies reveal that managers are more likely to opt for investment in social ventures if they are certain of monetary gains. Since in most cases social responsibility is closely linked with better financial performance, thus managers are willing to invest in ventures for the public good. Lydenberg et al. (1986) maintain that Companies fight hard for all the same a small percentage gain in market share for their products. If and when corporate managers become convinced that their companys social record affects market share, they will be forced to take social initiatives seriously. Social responsibility has also become a buzzword because of the availability of a large variety of similar goods. When a product comes into the market, it has to fight very hard for consumers attention because there are several other rival goods competing for the same. A marketing and design consultant (Neuborne, 1991) states in that respect was a time when you bought a product just for its price or performance...but with the number of products available, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate one product from another. In this situation, a consumer may base his buying decision on a companys image and its commitment to public good. This is clearly indicated by a book, Shopping for a Better World that has been interchange millions of copies since it first came out in the market. the book rates and ranks companies according to their social responsibility performance. As a result of this in 1989 alone, 78% of buyers switched brands. (Davids1990). World lingo defines CSR as Corporate Social Responsibility is a term describing a companys obligations to be accountable to all of its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. While it is like a shot true that corporate social responsibility is highly desired, it has not always been the accepted practice for corporations. In 2004, for example, Henry moth miller in The Miami Herald, Henry Miller wrote, Businesses do not have social responsibilities only people do. (Miller, 2004). Similarly The Economist failed to see why corporations must be forced to adopt a socially responsible framework. Thus in its 2005, issue The Economist skeptically reviewed the firms that were contributing to tsunami relief effort All things considered, there is much to be said for sledding social and economic policy to governments.(The Economist) Milton Friedman was probably the first theorist and economic expert to reject the theory of social conscience of business when in 1970 essay, he declared There is one and only one social responsibility of business-to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.

Effect of Immigration on New York City Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effect of Immigration on New York City - bind ExampleTraditionally, immigrants to the city have been disproportionately from the Caribbean and South America relative to the nation, which has been more than likely to get immigrants from Asia and Mexico. The Caribbean comprised 33 percent of the flow of immigrants to the city, but totally 12 percent of the flow to the nation in the 2005-2009 periods. (Gelfand, 03) Similarly, while South Americans comprised twelve percent of the citys flow, their share of the nations flow was only six percent. On the some other hand, just one percent of the citys flow was comprised of Mexicans (Other North America), compared to thirteen percent of the nations immigrant flow. Likewise, Asians were 26 percent of the citys flow but comprised 42 percent of entering immigrants to the nation. (Martin, 5)The 2000s label a resurgence in European immigration to New York City, and a decline in the share of Caribbean flows. Immigration from Europe stood at 22 percent, more than twice the level of 9 percent in the 1990s. (Vecoli, 562) Caribbean immigration, which stood at 40 percent of the total in the 1990s, dropped 7 points in the 2000s. However, the share of the Hispanic Caribbean (primarily the friar preacher Republic) actually increased while there was a decline in flows from non-Hispanic Caribbean nations such as Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados. Flows from Guyana, an English-speaking South American nation with a reasoned Caribbean influence, also declined. The number of African immigrants to the city, while small, has been increasing steadily over the past three decades and comprised just over two percent of entering immigrants.

Reseach on Performance Work Systems in Local Councils the Case of Harare City Council in Zimbabwe Essay Example for Free

Reseach on Performance Work Systems in Local Councils the part of Harargon City Council in Zimbabwe Essay1.0 IntroductionThis chapter forms the basis of the study on the assessment on the role of high naturalize work systems fetch on Har are city council workers for takeive and efficiency service delivery. This paper is going to provide a background of the study stating the problem, purpose and importance of the study. To affix to the above, the objective, anticipated constraints and question questions, including literature review and research methodology are going to be highlighted. 1.1 Background of the studyPerformance has been a widely researched field of view by most amicable scientist and industrial psychologist in an attempt to establish what motivates people to do what they do, and why they do it. An organisational surgical operation has always been an issue for managers, as it is believed that satisfied workers tend to be more productive, creative and committe d to their assembly lines. There is therefore need to establish whether high performance work systems are what demand satisfactory performance or there are other factors. High performance work systems is a complex and multifaceted concept, which can mean unlike things to different people. However, the researcher in this study attemptedto establish the role of high performance systems, whether it brings positive or negative results with particular attention at capital of Zimbabwe City Council. 1.2 Statement of the problemThe dilemma at hand is that the Harare city council workers are s service to be hindering the performance circles of which are of particular appeal to affect the residents. The council provide services to the residents which are non helpful however only distract them from developing their communities in the proper elbow room they desire. This is happening due to the failure by the council to carry out good research on its performance since today employees are e xpected to work in teams rather than solely on their own. They are expected to keep learning new skills and to assume broader roles through the employment security, selective hiring of new personnel, self-managed teams and decentralization of purpose making as the basic principles of organizational design, comparatively high compensation contingent on organizational performance, extensive training, reduced status distinctions and barriers including dress, language portion arrangements, and wage differences across levels, extensive sharing of financial and performance information throughout the organisation.1.3 Objectives of the study1 To investigate and establish the role of high performance work systems in congenator to organisational performance as this affects the service delivery. 2 To establish what causes poor performance and service delivery in the organisation. 3 To take note out ways of maintaining and improving staff loyalty, motivation and performance. 4 To recommend on changes to improve council performance and staff public assistance policy. 1.4 Significance of the studyAs a researcher it is of paramount importance to conduct a study on the role of high performance work systems by the local authority. angiotensin converting enzyme can easily notice that it is important to carry out this research as it The research findings of this research were also intended to assist management in addressing concerns and expectations of staff in order to harness their full contribution and effort to the benefit of the organization. The organizationwould then use the research findings to redesign its human resources policies towards the workers welfare and provide the answers to the questions presented on the sub problems of the research problem. Employees could use the research as a platform to express their concerns and desires to management, which they would not probably get, and also use it as a reference point to those who would intend to do their own r esearches. 1.5 Literature reviewReview of related literature is the most important part of research. It refers to the systematic exploration of issues related to the ones research which has been set to date by various authors and authorities. According to the high performance work systems Assessment, by social impacts we mean the consequences to human populations of whatever public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organise to meet their of necessity and generally cope as members of society. The concept of high performance work systems and organisational performanceHigh performance work systems shoot been defined as a distinctive managerial approach that enables high performance through people. (1987).High performance work systems are somewhat not quite the same as motivation, but the two are closely linked. Many thoughts and views have been developed to define performance at work but much of it explains ones reaction , feelings and emotions towards the accomplishment of organisational intentions. Many research studies were however founded to explain how people react in the manner they do in their jobs. Various factors have been associated with ones performance. These factors include * The level of pay and benefits,* The perceived fairness of the promotion system within a troupe, * The quality of the working conditions,* Leadership and social relationships* The job itself. contrary models were developed to account for the attitudes that people develop at various situations. The following models of job blessedness shall be discussed to aid the understanding of high performance work systemsat work. Classical theories of Maslow (1943), Herzberg (1968) and Vroom in relation to high performance work systems have been the basis of the modern day studies. Abram Maslow proposed a hierarchic surmise of five require, which pile uped popularity over the years and formed a basis for management studies to human motivation at work. Having been simplified by Clayton Alderfer made a fine-tuning to the hierarchical explanations of human needs to that of triad levels. Abbreviated to ERG, (Existence, Relatedness and Growth), Existence needs constituted Maslows physiological and safety needs, and Relatedness included internal esteem and social needs and lastly, the Growth stage was made up of self actualisation and external esteem needs.The Wikipedia encyclopaedia cited various models of which can help to explain high performance work systems that were written to by different authors as follows * The two-factor supposition* The job characteristics model* The fulfilment theory* The equity theoryThese models shall be discussed below to aid the research to find the basis of high performance work systems in the workplace.Theories of Employee Motivation for performanceThe two-factor theoryThis theory also known as the motivator-hygienics theory is the work of Fredrick Herzberg (1968). The t heory is on the premise that employee satisfaction has two dimensions namely hygiene and motivation. (Agarwal.1983). According to Herzberg, Hygiene factors include those aspects such as company policies, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions. Motivators include those aspects that satisfy people such as deed, recognition, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. The model was criticised by researchers who failed to empirically measure of satisfaction as being a methodological artefact. (Wikipedia encyclopaedia).High performance work systems characteristics ModelThe model was proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976), which states that there are five core job characteristics, which impact three critical psychologicalstates. The five core job characteristics include* Skill variety employees use a variety of skills to complete their jobs, skills that have been acquired by long years of study and/ or experience and are the primary reason for their emplo yment and work allocation in a profession organisation * Task identity involvement of the employee in all steps of the job, thus providing identification with the task. * Task significance The significance of the job being in good order executed to the well being of the organisation. * Autonomy The freedom to do the job with responsibility and by oneself. * Feedback The provision of feedback providing information about the excellence of performance of the job. The three psychological states include* Experienced meaningfulness,* Experienced responsibility for outcomes, and* Knowledge of the actual results.The Fulfilment theoryAccording to Agarwal (1983), fulfilment theory regard satisfaction as resulting from outcomes (rewards) a person receives or the extents to which a persons needs are satisfied. The difficulty with the fulfilment approach is that satisfaction is a function of not only what a person receives but also what he feels he should receive and/or wants to receive. People have different expectations and what satisfies one may displease another. Equity TheoryAccording to literature by Agarwal (1983), a persons satisfaction is determined by his perceived equity. Received equity is, in turn, determined by his in nonplus-output balance as compared to his comparison others input-output balance. Input-output balance is a perceived ratio of what a person receives from his job relative to what he put in the job. According to the equity theory, either under reward or over reward can lead to dissatisfaction although the feeling associated with them are different. As illustrated by the following diagram the comparison may result in one feeling unfairly treated when outcome received appears lower than others or feels vile when received more than others. The equity theoryA comprehend outcomes actually receivedA = B triumphA BDissatisfactionA BGuilty and discomfortPerceived personal inputBPerceived personal outcome that should be receivedPerceived outcome of comparison othersPerceived input of comparison othersFig 1.Equity Theory (Agarwal 1983)Determinants of high performance work systemsAgarwal (1983) says that there are various factors that determine performance. These are discussed below.Employee SupervisionAs with Herzberg hygiene factors, supervision is critical to provide leadership to employees performance. A good leader is one who establishes trust from his followers and promotes feedback. He knows how to treat employees at different situations. enquiry has shown that low performance and low productivity occurs when a supervisor is a laissez faire type of leader. Agarwal (1983). Research has also discovered that those peoples reason to research employment is to get paid (money) though not a motivator but they desire to be paid fairly. Management must always condition consult for salaries and benefits to see whether their employees match the market. (Putting Theory Into Practice, October 1999 publication)The work group in rela tion to employee performanceEmployees need to socialise with others to create an environment of belongingness, develop a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. Social interaction creates organisational performance though depending on their affiliation. Inappropriate behaviour should not be encouraged though because of influences, but rigid reprimands should be exercised. (Putting Theory Into Practice, October 1999 publication) speculate content in relation to high performance work systems Employees need to feel that the work or task they are doing is of great importance to the company. Their contributions result in positive outcomes. It is therefore essential for management to recognise as an important a task to the overall light uponment of the organizational goals. Agarwal cited Herzberg, Mauner and Suyderman as holding a view that job content factors such as achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility and the work itself tend to provide satisfaction but their absence such as supervision, working condition, company policies and salary tend to produce dissatisfaction but their presence does not produce satisfaction.Age in relation to performanceAccording to Agarwal (1983), some research works have reported a positive correlation between age and performance. Older workers tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than their younger counterparts because older workers are said to have adjusted to their jobs while young workers still have ambitions and need for advancement. Job Satisfaction and performanceThe analysis of results from the work of Herzberg et al, on twenty-six studies focusing on the relationship between job satisfaction and performance, fourteen of these showed that workers with positive job attitudes had higher(prenominal) performance than those with negative attitudes. Nine studies have shown that job attitudes and performance were not related, and in three studies, workers with positive attitudes had poorer performance records than thos e with negative attitudes. Lawler, 1977 and Porter, 1961, hold the view that it is productivity that leads to satisfaction and not the vice versa. Performance leads to rewards and if these rewards are consideredto be equitable in relation to the perception of the worker of the rewards of his referent others and his perceptions of what he should receive, he leave behind experience satisfaction. The following is the illustrative diagram. Model of performance leading to satisfactionPerceived equity of rewards in relation to referent othersPerformanceReward internal extrinsicSatisfactionPerception of how much he should receiveFig 2.Source Agarwal 1983 Model of performance leading to satisfaction Adapted from Lawler III Porter The effect of Performance on job satisfaction, human beings relations, October, 1967 P23 1.5 Justification of the studyThe area of discussion is worth studying because it aims at alerting the management of the Harare City Council how their service provision ar e being hindered by the employee performance, thus organisational performance is affected as well. As such the research is vital as it will help in gathering or adding information on the importance of high performance work systems being as well as its importance to the Ministry of local government urban and rural development. The Minister will be able to see if there are any amendments which need to be make and if there are any gaps left which need to be filled. Furthermore the research will see the researcher attain the ultimate goal for a Bachelor of science Honours degree in Local Governance Studies 1.6 Research MethodologyVarious techniques will be exploited to achieve the proposed objectives of the study. Haralambos (199536) asserts thatAny academic subject requires methodology to reach itsConclusions, it must have ways of producing and analysingData so that theories can be tested, accepted or jiltedwithout a systematic way of producing knowledge thefindings can be dismissed. The researcher is going to use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to come up with conclusions as both techniques can be used to complement each other as well as questionnaires. According to wordiq.com (2011), quantitative research is the numerical delegacy and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect. It is bent on developing and employing mathematical models. On the other hand, Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in any different disciplines. It means a non numerical data collection or explanation based on the attributes of the source of data. Qualitative research is used to gain insight into peoples behaviour, attitudes, value systems, motivations concerns, aspirations, culture or lifestyles. Christensen (1994) expressed that a test makes a better study. Leedy (1993) agreed with the same idea saying that, the larger the sample the better. I will select the people that ar e going to give relevant information to this study for example the most affected people and the assertable problem solvers. 1.7 Research Tools(a) Interviews (GroupThe researcher intends to use interviews as a research technique. Gray et al (2007) allude that the best data gathering technique for stare research is the interview. These interviews will be done in groups so as to save time.(b) ObservationThe researcher will use observation in tackling the research problem. The rationale for using this technique is that the researcher intends to learn about the sensitive issues that participants might be unwilling to disclose or talk about with regards to the research. (c) abstract of secondary sourcesThe researcher will make use of other researchers that have been studied in relation to the field under study. This will be done in order to weigh the impacts that the previous researchers have had. Target PopulationThe study will be focussing on the Harare City Council employees. antic ipate constrainsWikipedia (20114) notes that any limit or restriction given for the design process is called a constraint. The study is likely to encounter a number of challenges which may via media the quality of research results and these include (a)Access to informationThe information is mostly confidential in the Harare City Council thus releasing information might be problematic. Some may be reluctant to disclose such information as such the respondents will be guaranteed that their information will be treated with utmost privacy and confidentiality. (b)ResourcesResources such as time and finance may compromise the quality of the research as the researcher is a student with other university commitmentsRESEARCH REFERENCE LISTArgawal R.D.(1983) Organisation and Management, Mcgraw-Hill, Tata Boxall P., Macky K. Rasmussen E., (2003)Labour turnover and retention in New Zealand the causes and consequences of leaving and staying with employers Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources . Vol 41 (2)., Cascio, W.F. (2003) Managing Human Resources Productivity, quality of work Life profits (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin.French, W.L. (1998) Human Resources Management. Boston, New York Houghton Mifflin CompanyIvancevich et al (1989)Foundations of Personnel ,Human Resources Management Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2001) Organisational behaviour (5th ed.). Irwin McGraw-Hill.Milkovich, G.T., Boudreau, J.W. (1994) Human Resource Management (7th ed.). IRWIN Publishers, USA.Morrell W. H., Loan-Clarke J. Wilkinson J (2004), Organisational change and employee turnover, Personnel Review, vol 33 (2) Morris W.T. (1972). Management for Action Psycho Technical Decision making. Reston. Mowday, R., Porter, L., Steers, R. (1982) Employee-organizationslinkages The Psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover Academic Press, .LondonRhodes, S.R., Steers, R.M. (1990)., Managing employee absenteeism Addison Wesley Publishing Company, USASpector, P.E. (1997)., Job satisfaction Applic ation, assessment, causes and Consequences SAGE Publications, USAVan der Merwe, R., Miller, S.(1988),. Measuring absence and labour turnover A Practical guide to recording and control. Lexicon Publishers., J

Gdp And Economic Welfare Essay Example for Free

Gdp And Economic Welf be EssayGross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) is the most main(prenominal) sparing indicator and it is employ for comparison purposes to see how countries are doing economic wise. It entails the aggregate return or output in a kingdom. gross domestic product burn be measured employ either the expenditure approach where all final expenditures are added or by the income approach where all compensations of employees and other forms of incomes are added up. gross domestic product is used to measure an parsimoniousnesss economic growth. Hartzenberg T et al (2005, 114). The real gross domestic product brush despatch be used to establish how an economy is performing and hence correspond various economies as one can compare their outputs.It is also important in the sense that it can be used for forecasting purposes and hence important in planning. This paper will distinguish the difference between economic growth which can be measured using G DP statistics and guinea pig upbeat or communitys rise up being. According to McConnel and Brue in their distinguished book Economics, a terra firma can be said to admit economic growth when there is a positive increase in its GDP. Economic growth is different from economic well-being and economic development.Economic growth is characterized by an increment in natural resources, the quantity or quality for the human resources, as well as an service in applied science that translates to increased productivity. Economic growth refers to a positive shift in the production possibility curve to the right or where economic efficiency is attained. McConnel and Brue (2005, 149). A farming A could register a high GDP than country B but this does non necessarily taut that country A is doing better in terms of economic welfare as there is a clear distinction between economic growth and national welfare.This can be blamed on the limitations attached or rather linked to GDP calculat ion and analysis. (facstaff. uww. edu). Walter in the book Economics, noted that GDP ignores or rather omits household production which is an important sector in as far as determining the welfare of concourse is engageed. Wessels W (2006, 75). Alan and Laurence sanction this idea in their book Macroeconomics an integrated approach where they argued that GDP does not account for the un describeed incomes which are earned in the underground economy.A good illustration of unreported incomes is a situation where waiters fail to report all the tips they acquire while on duty. People whitethorn fail to report their actual incomes to evade taxes. Statistical problems could also have occurred creating the impression that country A had a higher GDP than country B though this may not be actually be the case. Some pile may not divulge all the information regarding their incomes or expenditure passing to misuse GDP estimates. If country B has a actually significant underground economy t hen her citizens could be doing better than those in country A tied(p) though the latter had a lower GDP.This is an indication that high GDP rates do not necessarily translate to better welfare for the citizens. Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998, 136). When work out GDP the aspect of leisure is ignored although it is very critical in as far as formation pots welfare is concerned. farming A could register a higher GDP than country B but the citizens in country A could have been overworked leading to health complications. In this case, the high GDP could be at the expense of the peoples health and we cannot conclude that it ensured their welfare or well being. Wessels W (2006, 75).Using GDP figures to determine the peoples welfare is inappropriate as it fails to involve ecological costs incurred in the process of attaining the said GDP. Ecological costs include the costs of pollution. countrified A could register a higher GDP than country B due to the circumstance that country A ha d better technology that ensured increased production. However, the increased production could have been realized in the face of increased air, water and land pollution all of which poses health hazards to the citizens. Wessels W (2006, 75). When much(prenominal) is the case then we cannot conclude that country B is doing better than country A.Peoples well being encompasses the peoples health and not just their economic well being. A country with lower GDP but ensuring that her environment is safe for her citizens is doing well in terms of national welfare even though it could record a lower GDP than one with a higher GDP but has a polluted environment. GDP ignores a countrys environmental quality and it fails to account for the consequences that an economic growth could come along with. Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998, 136). GDP also focuses on output or production although it is consumption that could best explain peoples welfare.For instance country A could sell to a greater extent goods to other nations like country B since the supplicate for much(prenominal) goods in country B is higher. In this context, country B could be doing better than country A but since country A exports to a greater extent it may create the impression that it is doing better. On the other hand, country B may register a lower GDP translating to being worse off as her net exports are negative but in the real sense they could be doing better. Focusing only on the output approach would lead to distortions while addressing the issue of national welfare.Another critical issue cited by Wessels as a limitation of using GDP to evaluate a countrys or nations well being is the fact that government spending is valued at cost rather than at its value. governing body projects in country A could have been at a higher cost than those in country B but an important aspect to remove here is how much the projects were worth to the citizens. This is because some important projects could be underval ued while worthless projects are overvalued and this will have a significant impact in as far as influencing the peoples welfare or well being is concerned.Wessels (2006, 75). GDP calculation does not include the plight of the people in terms of health and life expectancy which are quite important in assessing the peoples well being or welfare. Country A could have a higher GDP than country B but if she has a lower life expectancy rate and is performing poorly(predicate) in terms of general health of her citizens then we cannot argue that her citizens are better off than those of country B especially if in country B the life expectancy and general health is better.Health which is a very important factor in determining the peoples welfare when reason a countrys GDP peoples conditions health wise are only included if they increase the costs of the health system. A countrys health costs could be attributed to modern and advanced health technologies but this does not guarantee a natio ns well being health wise as the costs incurred may not match the benefits attained. Democracy or political freedom is an important part in determining peoples welfare. Good governance is one where respective freedoms are respected and most importantly democracy embraced.Using GDP to evaluate peoples welfare is inappropriate as it does not provide any information regarding a countrys governance. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B but the political organization in country A could be oppressive to the citizens. In this context, we cannot argue that country A citizens are better than those in country B which could be exercising democracy and consequently not oppressing her citizens. (facstaff. uww. edu). Another vital issue in defining peoples well being is assessing social justice in a country.If country A registered a higher GDP but was very poor in terms of the civil justice system then we cannot conclude that her citizens well being was ensured. Country B citizens could be doing better at a lower GDP level if she ensured an effective social justice system. An effective system ensures that the rule of law is embraced and peoples rights respected. This is important in ensuring that corruption which threatens peoples welfare as it only benefits a segment of the total population is kept at bay. Using GDP to compare the well being of people in country A and B could give a wrong impression of what is actually the case.This is attributed to the fact that a country could have overly adjusted for inflation leading to the impression that increase in prices translate to hikes in prices even when this could be as a matter of improvement in the products produced. Morse S (2004, 39). Another aspect that makes it inappropriate to compare countrys welfare using the GDP statistics is the fact that for such comparisons one must convert the currencies into the other countrys currency and when carrying out the conversions it is possible to understate a country s GDP especially in the developing nations.A country A could register a higher GDP than country B due to errors arising from conversions of currencies. (facstaff. uww. edu). Country A could have a higher GDP than country B but her citizens could be worse off than those of country B in terms of national welfare. This is attributed to the fact that country A could be characterized by many social evils as opposed to country B. Failure to include the non-market production in the calculation of GDP makes it an inappropriate tool in determining peoples welfare in an economy.Such services like childcare, subsistence farming and care for the aged mean a lot in as far as peoples welfare is concerned. Country A could have a higher GDP but with a lower subsistence economy when compared to country B. A significant subsistence economy would ensure that a countrys food security is ensured and this would stance her citizens at a better stance in as far as their well being or welfare is concerned. GDP fails to account for the effectuate or consequences of technology which has an impact in its determination.In contrast GDP is more concerned on the value of the end product without taking to concern the efficiency of the technologies in question. If country A registered a higher GDP than country B but country As government invested more in sectors like education and health ensuring that her citizens were better off in those areas then we can conclude that country Bs welfare is doing well even if it has a lower GDP than country A. Treating investment in education and health as consumption rather than investments makes it difficult to estimate peoples welfare. Willis I (1997, 164).Distribution of resources in a country is also a point to con emplacementr when using GDP figures to estimate peoples welfare. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B but this high GDP could have been arrived from a small insignificant proportion of the total population. This is to say th at it is inappropriate to say that country A citizens are doing better than those in country B as the GDP is contributed by a small proportion while a large proportion of the society could be languishing in poverty. Income distribution is of much essence when determining peoples welfare in an economy.The inequality issue and GDP arise more so in developing countries or third world as opposed to developed ones. Willis I (1997, 164). Social issues like family stability are also not reflected when calculating GDP although it has an impact on peoples welfare or well being. GDP in country A could be higher than that in country B as more cash is being channelled into paying divorce cases lawyers or building more police posts in response to increased crime rates. This illustrates that it is inappropriate to make conclusions about peoples welfare using GDP.In his book The Japanese Economy, Mitsuo Saito noted the inappropriateness of GDP as a tool of evaluating peoples well being due to the fact that it does not indicate the labour conditions, housing conditions, state of the social security or the urban life which are crucial in determining peoples well being. Saito M (2000, 13). Economic growth could be based on either the demand side or the supply side of an economy. The aggregate demand could increase due to an increment in the population size while aggregate supply could be due to the discovery of new natural resources.Aggregate output is affected by the level of labour supply, the stock of accumulated capital, level of technology as well as the institutions in place. There is an inverse relationship between prices levels and output and when prices levels fall the output increases. Tanzi and Chu (1998, 203). Monetary and fiscal policies in a precondition economy would affect the countrys well being or welfare. The peoples welfare will be affected by the policies that an economy embraces. Good policies are those that aim for equitable economic growth in a nation. They ensure that the poor in the society are not worse off but instead uplift them.This can be achieved through the application of equitable taxes such that peoples ability to pay is what determines the touchstone they are to pay all taxes. The rich will pay a higher amount than the poor in such cases. The government could also follow through fiscal policies to ensure development for the poor in society.References Alan J. Auerbach, Laurence J. Kotlikoff. 1998. Macroeconomics An Integrated Approach. MIT Press. Bernard Baumohl. 2007. The Secrets of Economic Indicators Hidden Clues to Future Economic Trends and Investment Opportunities. Wharton School Publishing. Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L.Brue. 2005. Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishers. bar GDP and economic growth. Retrieved on 23rd November 2008 from http//facstaff. uww. edu/ahmady/courses/econ202/ps/sg3. pdf Mitsuo Saito. 2000. The Japanese Economy. World Scientific Publishers. Ian Wills. 1997. Economics and the Environment A Signaling and Incentives Approach Allen Unwin Publishers. Stephen Morse. 2004. Indices and Indicators in using An Unhealthy Obsession with Numbers? Earthscan Publishers. T. Hartzenberg, Buck Standish, A. Wentzel, V. Tang, T. Hartzenberg, S. Richards. 2005.