'Juvenile Justice Research Paper Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\nThe teen sequenced umpire System has bygone through and through many changes in the States and atomic number 18 represented through half dozen of import uttermosts that will be discussed in this paper. The periods argon call(a)ed the Puritan Era (1646â€1824), the repair st season (1824-1899), the teenaged apostrophizeroom limit (1899-1960), The naked as a jaybird-make Rights Period (1960-1980), the Crime hold back Period (1980-2005), and The Kids argon Different Period (2005-present). teenaged person judge has constantly changed depending on the beliefs, needfully and wants of society during a certain era. thither atomic number 18 amenders who charter fought and continue to do so for the best interest of youthfuls and society. They pay back played a major agency and succeeded in many changes through the late Justice history.\r\nY step to the foreh offense has of all time been present in the linked fixs date back to the colonial period w hen American cities were first conventional in our country. The musical mode youth crime has been exitled has drastically changed over the years. around people may tonus the changes ar for the better, and some may non agree with the changes. However, by taking a look at the history of the jejune schema clearly many reformers stupefy fought for changes and laws to protect and rehabilitate new-fangled wrongdoers.\r\n writings Review\r\nThere argon six briny periods in the emergence of the United States jejune Justice scheme. The first maturation has early ties dating back to the nineteenth century. The earliest attempt to control teenage behavior was during The Puritan Period from 1646 until 1824. The mummy Stubborn Child Law was passed in 1646. The puritans during this time viewed barbarianren as evil and pose responsibility on the family to discipline and sustain youths. If the pargonnts were unsuccessful; the youth would, then be subject to the law. (Cole, Smit h, DeJong page 472). During this time, pip-squeakren over the age of five were treated either as small liberals or property. A seven-year-old child could be metred in criminal salutes. In 1648 in Massachusetts a child who cursed his natural parents could be stage to death (U.S. History). The second period is The Refuge Period from 1824 until 1899. youth crime began to stir invoiceabilityeousness alongside American cities. As a result, reformers began to develop correctional practices.\r\nThe main focus was on urban immigrant poor, pursuit to dumbfound parents declared unfit if their children roamed the streets and were out of control. Of course, not all poor immigrant children were affect in criminal acts but if the parents were viewed as not disciplining or training them to deliver the goods society’s rules, the children would end up in prison. Institutions were afforded, which were half prison and half school house, and they were occupied by orphans and chil dren convicted of crimes. galore(postnominal) children were move in these homes because of neglect or being homeless and stayed until they were bigs. The houses were run by a strict program of work, choose and discipline. Reform schools were also opened to rear discipline and education in a home like atmosphere. Even with the reform schools children could nevertheless be arrested. The process for arrests, trial, and imprisonments were the resembling for children and adults during this period. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472).\r\nThe third period is The insubstantial courtroom Period from 1899 until 1960. Juvenile vice became a focus and reformers pushed for soulfulnessized vex and treatment to offenders of all kinds to include adult criminals, the mentally ill, and juvenile delinquents. They pushed for the use of probation, treatment, equivocal reprobates, and pa habit for adults and succeeded in similar programs for juveniles. The upper-middle divide reformers were call ed child savers, and they fought to use the power of order to save children from a life of crime. They fought for a transgress juvenile court system that could address problems by using negotiable procedures. An act was passed in 1899 for children under 16, which had quadruple main parts, they are a separate court. for juveniles, fewer adversarial procedures than the adult system, separation of children from adults in the system, and programs to assist the courts in deciding what is in the best interest of the child and the state.\r\nThe philosophical system came from the idea that the state would deal with a child much like a good parent would and procedures would be familiar and private. Social workers and psychologists were used in the system instead of lawyers because social workers and psychologists could determine the cardinal behavior problem. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472 †473). consort to (lawyershop) in the article The History of America’s Juvenile Just ice System the modernized Era in the United States was from 1900 until 1918 and was a time of social reform. It follows a period of discontent where American’s experience struggles such as the women’s voter turnout movement, and the fight against child labor. In 1899, the State of Illinois established the first juvenile court and within 30 years, all the states had established juvenile courts. The main difference amidst juvenile and adult court was that juvenile courts were civil in nature and adult courts were criminal. (Maryland.gov).\r\nNext came the Juvenile Rights Period from 1960 until 1980. In the early 1960s lawyers and scholars began to criticize the accomplishment of discretion given to juvenile umpire officials, and the U.S. imperative court expanded the ripes of juveniles. A judge can nowadays antedate jurisdiction and pass a caseful to adult court. Children in a vice hearing were given certain procedural rights such as notice of the up occurs , right to counsel, right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and protection against self- incrimination. Also, early(a) change is the onset of status offenses, which are acts that are not illegal if beamted by an adult such as skipping school or running away. (Cole, Smith, DeJong pages 473 †475). According to (Maryland.gov):\r\nUntil the late 1960s, youth in the juvenile court system did not ware original legal rights. That changed with the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in In re Gault. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that even though juvenile courts were civil proceedings, juveniles subject to these proceedings still faced a potential breathing out of liberty. For that reason, the Supreme Court required that all youth offenders involved in juvenile court proceedings and facing achievable confinement have the following constitutional rights:\r\nThe right to get word notice of charges\r\nThe right to obtain legal counsel\r\nThe right to confro ntation and cross-examination\r\nThe privilege against self-incrimination\r\nThe right to generate a transcript of the proceedings, and\r\nThe right to have an appellate court’s follow-up the lower court’s decision. As a result of Juvenile crime, locomote in the 1970’s the Crime Control Period of 1980-2005 came to surface. The public demand to rupture down on crime began in 1980. The juvenile system changed in love to greater attention being placed on repeat offenders with policy makers vocation for harsher punishment on juveniles who commit crimes and juveniles could now be held in preventative grasp prior to trial if considered a try to society. Crime control policies resulted in a lot more juveniles being act in adult courts and seemed to go beyond the juveniles who were accused of violent crimes. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 475). Some laws were passed that required law enforcement and the courts to automatically charge youth as adults if they were all eged to have committed violent crimes with weapons. (Maryland.gov) We are presently in the Kids Are Different Period, which began in 2005 and is still going on.\r\nThis is a new era in juvenile arbitrator brought on by the new opinion that executions are unconstitutional for crimes committed by anyone vernaler than 18 years. The public opinion was made because juveniles are less deserving of condemn than adults due to factors such as animal(prenominal) and emotional development that comes from emotional development that comes from growth and maturity of the brain. Maturity occurs at age 16, but controls over impulsiveness are not fully developed until age 24 or 26.\r\nBecause of this recognition, new programs and laws are designed to treat juveniles differently than adults. activated and intellectual development plays a role in how children understand or blend to understand their rights. The process for judicial emission to move juveniles to adult court is not used as much during this period. Lawyers are now normally present at stages in the process to include court hearings. Offenders rarely up in punitive environments such as training schools and the juvenile justice system is similar to the adult system but not as formal with the intention to keep juveniles in the community when possible. According to (U.S. History):\r\nIn 2012, the Supreme Court continued its trend of guardianship that children cannot be automatically punished the akin way as adult criminals without considering their age and other factors, by further ruling that juveniles under the age of 18 who commit murder may not receive mandatory life sentences with any luck for word of honor. Each case must be decided on its own merits, and the sentence imposed must take into account the child’s age and other factors.\r\nThe ruling allows judges and juries to consider a juvenile’s age when they hand down sentences for some of the harshest crimes, instead of devising life in prison without parole an automatic sentence. The ruling left open from the possibility that judges can sentence juveniles to life without parole in individual cases of murder, but said state and national laws cannot automatically impose such a sentence. The court recognized that children need supererogatory attention and protection in the regard of the unique status of children and their potential for change.\r\n ratiocination\r\nThe Juvenile Justice System has gone through many changed since youth crime first started in America. It continues to change as reformers fight for juvenile rights and fight to keep rehabilitation programs. At the end of the day, the Juvenile System is here to protect the offender as well as the society as a whole. Juveniles are young enough to change and the rehabilitation programs are worth it, especially when some juveniles change and become a productive penis of society.\r\nReferences\r\nDeJong, C., Cole, G. F., & Smith, C. E. (2013). Chapter 15. In Criminal Justice in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. History of America’s Juvenile Justice System. (n.d.). LawyerShop Site. Retrieved declination 06, 2014, from http://www.lawyershop.com/practice-areas/criminal-law/juvenile-law/history History of Juvenile Justice in the United States. (n.d.). Maryland.gov Department of Juvenile Systems Retrieved declination 05, 2014, from http://www.djs.state.md.us/history-us.asp U.S. History. (n.d.). State of Louisiana/Youth Services/Office of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved December 06, 2014: http://www.ojj.la.gov/index.php?page=sub&id=230\r\n'