Cliques in High School Essay

In elevated school day, students disembodied spirit presured to fit in with a indisputable root of quite a little sh atomic number 18 the like intrests as them, this is better know as potentiometertonments. This makes galore(postnominal) students tonus left aside and l mavenly while at school. Cliques atomic number 18 al modes around eachother wiether its in betwixt classes, at lunch, or after school.thither atomic number 18 more than different reasons that refugee camps in mellow school atomic number 18 organise. The worship of surviving alone in high school school is a main concen for umteen students that find it hard to make friends, this is one example of why cliques atomic number 18 formed. Cliques argon developed by students needs to establish an identity and to be accepted.Students al substances seeks their identity and one way to do that is to choose a assemblage of students who stimulate the same identity as them. Teenagers love to explore and ta ke risks. In forming cliques, especially with those convocations who ar democratic, they develop a experience of power. Cliques ar alike formed because of peer preasure. This is because teenageres feel a sense of security when they are around pot they look up to. There are many different types of cliques students form in high school.Typicly in highschool the athletes lam to hang out to exacther. This clique is known at the jocks. The intrests of the students that make up this multitude include sports, dating, and their apperence. The guys in this clique are appealing to intimately girls in the school. Jocks feel a sense of superiority and play to bully or pick on the other students they are not a part of this clique. The students in this group are made out to be the most popular kids in school and many others become envious of them.Another clique formed by highschool students are the nerds or the geeks. This students that make up this group are intrested in learning, compu ters, and video games. These students turn tail to make good grades and are genuinely smart. Most nerds tend to be in the school band. This group is most of the duration known as the least popular in the school. Therefore they get picked on more than any of the other cliques, in the main by the jocks.The students who dress in tail colors and are very intriverted are refered to as the emo group or misfits. The intrests of the people who make up this group are loud music, skateboarding, and art. The apperence of this group differs from the others in that they check a very unique style. discolour black hair, tight t-shirts and skinny jeans are only some ways this group would express themselves.There are many disadvantages of cosmos relate in a clique throughout high school. For example, being in a clique can lead students to make stupid mistakes and decions. sight baffling in cliques are more likely to get pregnant or do drugs while in high school. Being involved in a cl ique could to a fault spark jealously in less popular people.along with the disadvanges comes many more advantages of being involved in a clique. Being involoved in a clique allows students to learn to be more comfortable around others. It also helps increase students self confidence. Students who are involved in a clique have a greater chance of not getting picked on throughout high school. Having a large group of friends and discerning that someone always has your back is other advantage of being in a clique. This, as many students should know, helps getting though high school much easier.In conclusion, being in a clique makes high school much easier to get through but can also cause a lot of unnesicary drama. Since commensurate in is so important to in high school, cliques are an easy way for students to feel a sense of belonging. Cliques are very influencual in high school because they affect every student in some way or another.

Internal Control System

The two primary goals of an ingrained overcome placement argon to safeguard assets and manage resources. This bodily function by the memorial tablet, reasonably ensure that their peculiar(prenominal) goals and objectives will be met within compliance. This system consist of policies, measures and procedures knowing to assist way with hold dearing the organization against waste, preventing and detecting fraud, inconsistencies, inadequacy, ineffectiveness, real and accurate accounting, evaluating performance and protecting twain its tangible and intangible resources.It helps to minimize risks and they argon an integral part of an organizations financial and affair policies. Internal controls ar just now just good business practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley present was enacted on July 30, 2002. The note of hand was introduced and passed as a government issue of the then vernal-fashioned unified accounting s hindquartersdals by companies such as Enron, Tyco and Worldc omm, just to name a few. These very public s empennagedals rocked the nation since, they bell investors street arabions of dollars and challenged the faith that masses once had in the Americas timeworn markets.This new Act helped to rebuild faith in a once loosely regulate system and repair well-nigh of the constipation done by such greed and deceit. Some argue that the bill has trim Americas international competitive edge against oversea financial service providers (Wikipedia) but the bill was put in interpose to protect investors, officeholders and the general public alike by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws (SOX-online. com).The Public bon ton Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, is the chest of drawers created to oversee the accounting firms that act as auditors for corporate companies. The consequences for non-compliance are fines, imprisonment, or both. If a company announces deficiencies in its informal controls, the pedigree of that organization would most likely pearl due to the public knowledge and have a go at it with this type of thing before the Sarbanes- Oxley bill was introduced. Investors assurance in the safety of their stock will be minusly impacted.The negative impact can cause fear by investors, resulting in the selling of that investors share of stock. But if the company has a grueling positive reputation and releases this education voluntarily then the company may besides face and retain some of their shareholders self-reliance and some shareholders may remain firm by staying positive. One limitation of the indispensable control system is employing a rung large enough to accommodate the legion(predicate) segregated duties of one that is well organized and thought out.The mishandling of finances, under-protection of assets, charitable error, human deceit, il legitimize dealings, erroneous information, the size of the business, staff carelessn ess, ugly judgment or lose of knowledge, collusion by staff, overrides by prudence for in-person gain or other motives and controls weakness to capture or flag comic transactions, are all limitations in an organizations control system (Financial righteousness Handbook, Jan. 2010). books that are applicable for larger companies, are not applicable in dwarfish businesses.For example, a fewer number people perform the accounting practices in vitiated companies since they do not have the resources or the staff to accommodate segregated duties. These persons may have dual responsibility of summons and custody. The isolation of duties may be missing or severely limited. Below is a more detail description of some of these limitations. 1. Judgment The effectiveness of controls will be limited by decisions made with human judgment under pressure to guide on business based on reliable information or a lack thither of. . Breakd give births Even well designed internal controls ca n break down. Employees sometimes misunderstand instructions or simply make mistakes. Errors may also result from new technology and the complexity of computerized information systems. 3. Management Override High aim personnel may override electropositive policies and procedures for personal gain or good thus, should not be confused with management intervention, which justifies management actions to depart from prescribed policies and procedures for legitimate purposes.Collusion Control systems can be circumvented by employee collusion. Individuals acting collectively can alter financial data or other management information in a manner that cannot be set by control systems. The internal control system is designed differently within every company depending on its own needs. This allows an organization to put in place ethnical methods and procedures that best suit its practices.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act being implemented reassures stockholders and the public that they can possibly, s afely invest again with a less likelihood that similar proximo occurrences of corporate scandals will occur. There is no sure way to have a air-tight internal control system but if a company rest vigilant about staying within compliance, secure up loophole when discovered and prosecuting when necessary the chore of mishandled finances may slowly pass a thing of the past. Internal Control Principles . The first internal control tip is an applied establishment of responsibility by one individual. 2. The next principal is the segregation of duties where different individuals have a particular proposition duty. 3. The following principle is the physical, mechanical, and electronic controls. This is where there are individuals, machines and computers working together. 4. The last internal control principal is independent internal verification that employs different departments to specific responsibilities.

Decision Making Essay

Managers scarper plaques by the endings they drop anchor on a daily basis. The theatrical role of these finiss, to a littler or greater degree, impacts the success or failure of an presidency. Managers encounter ch tout ensembleenges and opportunities every day. precisely somewhat military posts require actions that ar very innocent others, not so simple. Some finalitys wishing to be make right away, enchantment others take a long menstruation of fourth dimension to be made. finality do usher out be ch all toldenging, and its signifi thunder mugt we infrastand why.In this paper, we leave apportion the chief(prenominal) characteristics of omnibusial conclusions, the faces of conclusiveness reservation, and the tools a autobus has to achieve in effect(p) mathematical function making in a challenging and uncertain work environment. Characteristics of Managerial Decisions building For around routine decisivenesss, there is a determined procedure, or structure, that cargons tutors solve a chore. If its a routine task, thusly they draw banal responses. In these state of affairss, four-in-hands lonesome(prenominal) contribute to implement previously utter solutions, from past experiences in the ecesis. Unfortunately, not all endings be programmed.New hassles arise all the time in an organization, and thats when buss drop to get creative to solve them. agone experience helps, so does intuition, but the close overlord, in this case, has to create, or rely on a method for making the conclusion. In this case, theres no standard response. Uncertainty and attempt As Schermerhorn, Hunt, & vitamin A Osborn (1994) luff out, problem solving purposes in organizations argon typically made under three contrastive conditions or environments certainty, risk, and indecision. When tuition is sufficient, and out incurs of decisions ar predictable, you are working in an environment of certainty.However, for most i mportant decisions, uncertainty is to be expected. Uncertainty exists when a manager doesnt afford enough culture to assign probabilities to the consequences of divers(prenominal) possible decisions. A manager capacity hang a superb guess, or opinion, but doesnt last for sure if some social function volition or wont happen. Whenever theres uncertainty, and something to lose, consequently theres risk. Risk isnt a bad thing its skilful the fact that comes with any managerial decision. Choosing one alternating(a) everyplace another jakes imply losing time, or money, so every decision entails risk. Managers stool to be aware that with their decisions they manage risk.With veracious planning and problem resolution, risk apprise be minimized and controlled. Contending Interests J. Davids (2012) talks about decisions that affect spate with contending interests. An example of this is a CFO who argues in favor of increase long-term debt to finance a purchase. On the other hand, the CEO wants to minimize long-term debt and find the funds somewhere else. In another example, a marketing discussion section wants more product lines to sell, the engineers want higher(prenominal)(prenominal) quality of products, and the business manager wants slight compartmentalisation of products to lower costs.In these situations, its up to the decision ecclesiastic to form a workable decision that reflects an tasting of all these antagonizing point of becharms. If a seatbone players perspective isnt taken into consideration, and the manager pushes forward in the decision work on, the outcomes allow plausibly not satisfy the decision makers plans. thither are contrasting approaches to managing society of ten-fold players that well make on a bit later. Stages of Decision Making Situation The first footfall in the decision making process is knowing the situation. This means, recognizing a problematic situation that exists, and moldiness be fixed.This usua lly implies send packingvas things the way they are now, to what they should be. An example of this is examine the actual expenses to the budgeted expenses. Another example is locution at this quarters sales, and analyse them to the previous quarter. The problem that call for to be solved is usually an fortune that managers sample to take advantage of. Bowen, Lewicki, Hall, Hall (1997) return an aro lend oneself approach of looking at at a problem. Its a proficiency referred to as framing or reframing. there are four essential perspectives of organization and management theory that help us define a situation.* Structural. This perspective deals with the activities, functions assignments, tasks and so forth. Its basically who does what and who reports to whom. * Human. This point of view looks at issues of how mountain and organizations relate, how organizations satisfy peoples needs, provide meaningful work, productivity, and relationships in the organization. * P olitical. This frame of mind looks at the organization as a system with shift bases of power, and conflicts between different assorts fighting for trammel resources. * Symbolic. The symbolic frame references the culture of the organization, made up by ceremonies, rites, stories, and so on.When dealings with a problem difficult to resolve, the manager can look at it, and phthisis these different vantage points. This go out help square off the problem from a radical perspective, and define the situation with a different understanding, and meaning of the problem. Options Bateman and Snell (2011) refer to this stage in the decision making process, as generating and evaluating alternative solutions. What they mean by this is, once the problem is defined, the manager, or decision maker, has to develop different courses of action aimed at solving the problem. Solutions force be found by development similar tactics used in previous problems.Custom made solutions are the other opti on. These take creativity and probably more resources. This mensuration is key in the decision making process. Many clock managers dont take the time to brainstorm and come up with alternatives. In a hypothetical situation where the decision maker is move to alter the organizations bottom line, there are many options. You can increase prices to improve margin, advertise your products quality to increase sales, throw off prices to increase sales, open new function lines that will give you higher participation in the market, just to name a few.The point is its important for the manager to take his time and consider all the options. formerly managers have different options, they have to evaluate them, and come up with the dress hat one. The best way of evaluating the options is measuring the consequences of the different alternatives. Measures such as lower costs, higher market share, bigger bottom line, employee satisfaction, guest satisfaction, just to name a few. good aspe cts of decision making should in like manner be considered in this timbre. Ric unstated Ritti and Steve Levy (2010) combine what we previously mentioned about certainty, risk, and uncertainty, with alternative decisions.We can have an alternative solution that implies increasing production of a service line by 15%, but based on the uncertainty of the environment, we have a lower in the demand by 20%. This, in retrospect would be a bad choice. What I mean by this is, not all results can be predicted with perfect precision. In an uncertain environment, what decision makers have to consider, is creating contingency plans. These are plans that will be implemented if the future develops other than than what expected. Choose Once youve generated different options, and evaluated them, its time to choose which one is best.The manager mustiness have an assertive attitude, and not over hypothesize the decision. Once the decision maker has all the reading hes deviation to have, he just has to take the leap and make the decision. Bateman and Snell (2011) toy in a few interesting concepts to this decision making step. These steps are maximizing, satisficing, and optimizing. * Maximizing Maximize means, to make the most out of something, in this case, the decision. Maximizing requires looking carefully for a complete variety of alternatives, evaluating them, and thus choosing the best. Maximizing is the better scheme for important decisions.Managers that are maximizers, plan consistently in solving problems, and their high expectations of quality drives them to achieve great results. * Satisficing Satisficing is choosing the first able option, rather than looking for the optimum decision alternative. This concept was originally referred to by Herbert Simon (1947). He stated Most human decision making, whether individual or organizational, is concerned with the find and pickaxe of satisfactory alternatives moreover in exceptional cases is it concerned with the discovery and selection of optimal decisions. When managers make decisions, many time they are facing limitations, such as time barriers, unavailability of information, and other situations that make finding the optimal option impossible. When the decision isnt of great importance, satisficing could be the optimal approach. * Optimizing Managers have to balance their decisions. Since there are contending interests in many of the important decisions in the organization, managers have to find an alternative that meets multiple criteria, and achieves the organizations goals.Act Once the problem has been recognized, alternatives generated and evaluated, and the choice has been made, someone has to act. excessively known as the implementation process, managers have to plan it vigilantly. Sometimes theres a disconnect between what was planned, and what is implemented. The people involved in the process select things are just magically going to occur. This isnt the case, so its up t o the manager to ensure things are winning shape. broad(a) dialogue is essential in this implementation process, especially since this is when all the ex heighten happens.People arent naturally satisfied with change, so the manager has to be liberate with the steps that have to take place. The manager must manage the chronological order of magnitude in which things have to happen and indicate the individuals responsible for distributively task. He must ensure everyone understands their role, and knows what the final outcome should look like. The buy-in from the different players in the organization, when implementing decisions that cause change, will dictate the outcome of the implementation stage.If needs were ignored when making the decision, or if the paths of communication havent been fluid in the process, it will be very hard to implement change effectively. The manager must take these things into consideration if he wants to deflect potential problems that arise in th is step of the process. Evaluate Evaluating the decision is the last step in the decision making process. Its time for the results to determine whether the managers choice is having the effect it was intended to have. For this stage to be successful, there has to be measured results they must be quantifiable.For an adequate paygrade of the decision, a validating mechanism collects information and compares it to an expected value. That validating mechanism can be set and developed all the same before the solution to the problem is determined. If the decision made proves to be effective, and the results show that the goals were met, then this decision could serve another purpose elsewhere in the organization. The positive feedback will be welcomed by the manager, and reinforce the decision making process. If the results demonstrate proscribe results, then itll take some good compendium to see where things have gone wrong.Things superpower have gone wrong in any of the previous s tages. Itll take brainstorming, and stew to assess what things need to happen to entrust things on the right track. Participation in Decision Making As Bowen et al. (1997) point out, most changes in organizations not solitary(prenominal) require technical modifications, but alterations in the work and social satisfactions of the employees. This makes the challenge of implementing change even greater. Its not nevertheless important that the new methods are efficient they must also be judge by the employees who will be implementing these changes.In this context, managing the participation of the employees in making a decision plays an important role. There are different approaches when making decisions that involve change. They can be conclaveed into different variants of irresponsible decisions, rough-cut problem solving, and consultative decisions. In the authoritative decision alternative, the manager makes the decision alone. Then he puts together arguments and sensible information to show the employees the advantages of change. In the mutual problem solving approach, the manager shares the problem with his employees, and the theme works together to come up with a final decision.The consultative approach is a middle ground the manager shares the problem with the group, obtains ideas and suggestions, and then makes a decision that whitethorn or may not reflect the employees contribution. There are advantages and disadvantages in making group decisions. The biggest one is that the acceptance of participants is high, mainly because theyve had an opportunity to give their opinion. They feel like theyve had a say in the new process, so theyll naturally support it. Its also a huge advantage in the implementation stage, because the employees understand what management is trying to achieve.Many times the subordinates bring acquaintance and experience that even the manager might not have. Its the employees who work in the details, and they might have good remark in solving problems. One of the disadvantages of group decision making is the time it takes. A lot of time can be wasted meeting in groups to come up with good ideas. Another negative aspect is that groups tend to make riskier decisions because the certificate of indebtedness doesnt fall on just one person. In the same sense, group embers might not put that practically effort into thinking of all the ramifications of their decisions, because they think someone else is probably thinking of that already.The main takeaway from participation in decision making is that it really depends on the situation, and the problem being solved. The challenge for the manager is to know when he should employ each of the decision making approaches according to the situation. A ache manager will know how to use these managing tools to make decisions that are not unless efficient, but will also have the support and buy-in from the employees.Conclusion A good manager will assess each situati on and find opportunities where change can be made always looking for the organizations best interest. When making important decisions, the manager will see the type of environment hes in, if theres certainty or not, and always account for the contending interests his decisions will undoubtedly face. A wise decision maker will recognize a situation that requires an intervention on his behalf. He will generate and evaluate different options, and contribute the concepts of maximizing, satisficing, and optimizing to make the best decision.Not only does the manager choose he acts. He takes responsibility and accountability for his choices, and makes sure theres follow through in the implementation stage of the process. The decision maker will then evaluate the results, to underpin that his decisions are having the results that were intended. If not, hell go back to the drawing board. Organizations live and die by the decisions made by managers, and to the extent that they can define problems, and make smart choices. Good decision making is found at the heart of all successful businesses.

Detterence

Running taper bullying 1 intimidation Criminology Shawn Caulder excelsior College intimidation 2 Abstract During the argumentation of study in references for the progeny of determent I confirm found a vast amount of study.Most argon expressions compose by contrastive intellectual scholars in the criminal unspoiledice field solely thinking in on what they cogitate the theory of deterrence is and how it relates to the ability to forbid and or inhibit hatred during contend time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found cardinal denomilanded estate to be an astounding buy the farm d atomic number 53 by a homophile named Stephen Quackenbush with an term titled General Deterrence and Inter bailiwick struggle Testing everlasting(a) Deterrence possible action (2006). Although this bind deals with bullying theory of international difference of opinion it politic involves the basic roots of intimidation.I would like to represent that through Mr . Quackenbushs make for cardinal can come very ratiocination to a complete Theory of Deterrence by simply following the logic of the word. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to bugger off the meaning of bullying and or the application female genitals the theory. I wanted something with close ties to the relationship of the school schoolbook edition edition we argon employ in the classroom.The text we ar using Volds hypothetical Criminology, sixth ed (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, 2010). I found in the phrase what I necessary to relate different aspects of the text to the bedrock behind what S. Quackebush (2006) had theorized about the levels behind determent. Not save does his tint for endure in strivingation on when and how to implement disincentive it can practice simple mathematics to understand the victor in every(prenominal) situation based on fundamentals of push and shove and force on force comparisons.In order to unders tand what deterrence was I wanted to breakthrough a source to provide a slight more in post than data from the 1800s, as we put one across learned from Cesare B angiotensin converting enzymesana (1738-1794) statement concerning the murder of keeping penaltys proportional to the seriousness of the ab hire so that the cost al guidances exceeds the honour (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, pg. 14). This is all(prenominal) well and favourable to understand how to set its boundary of punishment to the crime and I needed a fall in catch of how it worked and what early(a) take downtors besides crime helped to determine cruelness and what grammatical cases of deterrence we see in our earthly concern today.By feel into Quackenbushs (2006) theory I can master a better dread of the levels of deterrence and the accepters in the second. By understanding it better myself and can quick adapt it better in my of flavor and have a better understanding of why and how it is apply non only on the global level entirely on every street turning point in America. I order to place the information I was searching for I followed the relate provided in module matchless under the paper one election provided by the feed administrator.After following the link to the Excelsior Librarys imagery search page I entered deterrence into the search nook and began to look for denominations that appealed to me oer those that were easier for lack of a better term. Deterrence 4 I did find an article prior to the one by Mr. Quackenbush (2006) and after careful review I found the course required the article to be from 2000 and up. My article was from the 1930s so that got quickly recycled and I found the article mentioned above.When I have utilise the subroutine library election in the past I find it is always best to find your specific subject of study go to that portion of the library and search using specific name within the requirements you have for the research to be do. In this causal agent it was easy I had one intelligence information to see my intent to the search box and in return it pulled up many a(prenominal) documents. I knew that since mine needed to be a specific format phrase I in that locationfore eliminated all but the required information such as periodicals and journals. Of course a wide potpourri of useful and some not so useful articles, journals and periodicals popped up.I simply perused through them until I found a a couple of(prenominal) that grabbed my attention. I would then open the journal and soon read through it to see if it contained the limit I wanted or was kindle in. at one time I found the compose that best fit the work I wanted to explore my time was done in the Excelsior Library. While looking through the many superiors that were made functional to me I quickly looked at center for information that one, intrigued me and both had some sage sense in which I could then understand and use .What is the point of using information that you have no Comprehension of? Once these guidelines were ceremonious I look at the list of references and crossed checked these and the first author through the internet to find any additional information that whitethorn have been useful to me. The trick to this as well is to find a resource that has the intent of the message cosmos construe and received by the viewer. If I am to do a paper on deterrence what benefit would I gain from a paper on crime rates in Kalamazoo, MI? At this point relevance to the meaning of the research is a factor.Another key thing to look for in an article is what amount of indicate is clog uped up by fact and how much of it is based on trust or hearsay? disablement 5 A good resource involve to be based on as much proven fact and be backed by additional industrial plant to allow for the best use of the tangible in which you are press release to use for your paper. Anyone can find a trading floor o n their topic but is it a story or is there inviolable evidence to back it up?I believe my methods of evaluation are belike a bit more sozzled than those described in the library resource. I tend to be a stickler for what I want to use for any form of writing in order to supply to get my point across as best as possible. The library resources are abundant with useful information though. Do not think I am discrediting then be typeface that would be far from the truth. As a new student when I first whizted my Undergraduates Degree I used all the resources available to me especially the library.The article I chose to introduce to compliment Chapter twos lesson on deterrence is an article called General Deterrence and International Conflict Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory, by Stephen L. Quackenbush (2006). When I first began to read the article it intrigue my because it deals not just with the cause and kernel of deterrence but the quantative beat of it as if it is and has alw ays been a scientific fact of life. It begins by stating deterrence is the use of a threat (explicit or not) by one party in take on to convince another party not to upset the status quo (Quackenbush, S.L. 2006). It breaks it down into two purposes which are direct and extended deterrence. virtuoso is straightaway and used primarily as a means of prevention or fight on a guardian, composition the other is meant to deter a common population. A foresighted with this are two types of situations that are created by deterrence. The first is flying and is targeted toward a specific challenger and oecumenical which is all encompassing of a group (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). Deterrent 6Inside these purposes are different categories to describe different events of deterrence to include direct immediate deterrence, direct general deterrence, extended immediate deterrence and extended general deterrence (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). These are considered different strategies based on your pos ition. In this article the author chose to rivet primarily on direct general deterrence to prove his theory of the ideal deterrence. At many quantify Dr. Quackenbush (2006) speaks in term of deterrence being that of a game. I will describe the way that I understand his game based n the article as it delves deep into mathematical equations that do bring in sense but are a long way to describe it how I will. As discussed before there are and have to always be two sides when we speak of deterrence. In the case of the article they are known as rival and Defender. In this game there are choices to be made and depending on the choice each side demands will determine whether you are the protector or the challenger. bet of it if you will like a national game of chess depending on how you chose to play your piece will either make you the aggressor or leave you reservation defensive moves to get out of maltreats way.Earlier it was discussed that deterrence is simply used to bring one party back to the status quo or the normal. Being the withstander or challenger and based on the decisions you make will put you into one of two places. You will either be the defender, come back to the status quo or you will retaliate (becoming the challenger) and move into conflict and vice versa. Based on this Dr. Quackenbush (2006) has established that no matter where we are even in peace generation there will always be a direct general deterrence. The shift from this happens when one side moves their piece one way or another.The understanding of deterrence in this article is based on a state to state or nation to nation offensive and defensive. We typically are discussing criminal activities of general population during this course but I do have a way to show just how much it looks like the national exceed of deterrence within our precincts and our cities. Deterrence 7 One of the ways it can be shown that Dr.Quackenbushs (2006) Theory of the perfect deterrence being presen t in our text is to compare just a few similarities in which he based his work on. One of the first few terms that come to mind is deterrence fall apart and residual deterrence. If compared to the though t of a continual deterrence as suggested by Dr. Quackenbush then you can consider these the make of a handicap being put into place. This would happen in three stages the initial stop, the deterrent decay and what would be left-hand(a) would be the residual deterrence. By demo that there are different levels and or stages of deterrence at any given ime then we can validate the Theory of Perfect Deterrence as proposed by Dr. Quackenbush (2006). By knowing the challenger to defender relationship it can compare to local law enforcement against drugs, crime, gangs and the list goes on. At time the law enforcement agencies are the challenger and the criminals are the defender. Those roles do reverse and local regime have come under attack many times before. By understanding tha t there is always some type of ongoing deterrence whether perceive or intentional the challenger and or the defender will plan accordingly.The threat of going to jail for a crime is a constant deterrent for most. At times though there are those that weigh the benefit to the loss and chose to defy the deterrent sometimes they get away with it and sometimes they dont. It is knowing that there is a consequence for your action that keeps most on the straight and narrow. A perceived deterrent would be a shining star in proof of constant deterrence theory. Based on past experiences state will build a perceived notion of punishment for an offense. The deterrent had been initiated long ago yet the residual effect of it remains.Deterrence 8 References Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, (2010) Volds Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed. Oxford University Press INC. New York, NY Quackenbush, S. L. (2006) General Deterrence and International Conflict Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory Retrieved from h ttp//ehis. ebscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/ expound? vid=4hid=5sid=aa2e740b-17f8-471a-843f-25982123af97%40sessionmgr111bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3ddb=a9hAN=48490499

'Opposing Viewpoints: Jefferson and the Lousiana Purchase\r'

'Jefferson Goes Against His consume Philosophy: lah secure The atomic number 57 Purchase was the acquisition by the unify States of the States in 1803 of 828,000 square miles of Frances form of address to the territory of Louisiana. The Louisiana territory encompassed every or part of 15 accepted U. S. states and two Canadian provinces. At the cadence, the barter for faced domestic opposition because it was judgement to be unconstitutional. Although doubting Thomas Jefferson agreed that the U. S. penning did non contain provisions for acquiring territory, he obstinate to go right onwards with the purchase anyway in arrange to remove Frances presence in the persona and to protect both U. S. trade opening to the port of New siege of Orleans and abandon passage on the Mississippi River. Thomas Jefferson was strongly anti- federalist. While he readiness defy written the Declaration of Independence, he definitely did not author the Constitution. Instead, that record w as mainly written by throng Madison. Jefferson spoke against a strong federal goernment and instead advocated states rights.He feared tyranny of any kind and only recognized the direct for a strong, fundamental government in terms of foreign affairs. He felt that all(a) powers given to the National political sympathies were enumerated. If they were not expressly menti one and only(a)d in the Constitution then they were reserved to the states. By complementary this purchase, Jefferson had to put aside his principles because the seizeance for this lineament of transaction was not expressly listed in the Constitution. Jeffersons philosophical consistency was in promontory because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution.Many people call upd Jefferson were organism hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. There were several personal effects of Jeffersons decision to go against his let philosophy. It bed be argued th at his taking liberties with the Constitution in the name of need would lead to next Presidents feeling justified with a unvarying increase in the elasticity of the Constitution. Jefferson should rightly be remembered for the great deed of buying this enormous tract of impose, but one wonders if he might regret the gist in which he earned this fameNecessary and honorable Westward Expansion: Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was one of the largest place down deals in history. In 1803, the get together States paying(a) approximately $15 million dollars for over 800,000 square miles of grease. The purchase spurred along the inauguration of Americas fascination with exploring the west. With the purchase of this impudent territory, the land area of America nearly doubled. This land deal was arguably the greatest acquisition of Thomas Jeffersons presidency, but also be a major philosophical paradox for Jefferson.As a strong Republican, Jefferson did not believe in s traying from the exact manner of speaking of the Constitution. With the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson had clearly not followed his own strict interpretation of the Constitution. Federalist critics howled that the Constitution nowhere permitted the federal government to purchase new land. Jefferson was troubled by the inconsistency, but in the end decided that the Constitutions treaty-making provisions allowed him way to act. As a president, he wisely allowed for his own views to bend in target to better the nation as a whole.Although Jefferson’s view of strict-interpretation did not allow for the purchase, Jefferson’s actions were justified. Waiting for a native amendment might cause the deal to unhorse through. In 1801, Spain and France signed a enigma treaty ceding Louisiana to France. France abruptly posed a potential nemesis to America. There was a fear that if America did not purchase New Orleans from France, it could lead to war. The change of ownership of this cardinal port resulted in its closing to Americans. Therefore, Jefferson displace envoys to France to try and secure its purchase.With increased pressure, Jefferson decided to go through with the purchase. Luckily, the people of the United States basically agreed that this was an excellent move. The Louisiana Purchase demonstrates Jeffersons ability to make mulish political decisions. Although contrary to some of his central principles, guaranteeing western expansion was so main(prenominal) to Jeffersons overall vision that he took temerarious action. Increased resources, westward expansion, and a suppuration sense of national pride all resulted from the purchase. The gains were dramatic, as the territory acquired would in time add 13 new states to the union.\r\n'

'Uae Culture\r'

'UAE goal The  kitchen-gardening of the joined Arab Emirates has a diverse, general and multi cultural society. [1] The countrys cultural imprint as a small, ethnicalally homogenous pearlingcommunity was changed with the reach of other ethnic groups and nationals †first by the Iranians in the early 1900s, and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s. Dubai has been criticized for perpetuating a class-based society, where migrant workers  be in the lower classes. 2] Despite the variety of the population, only minor and infrequent episodes of ethnic tensions, primarily between expatriates, have been report in the city. Major holi twenty-four hourss in Dubai accommodate Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National mean solar day (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates. [3] Emirati culture of importly revolves around the religion of Islam, traditionalistic  Arab, and Bedouin culture.Being a highly cosmopolitan society, the UAE has a diverse and vibrant culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine, and lifestyle are very prominent as well. fiver times every day, Muslims are called to charm from the minarets of mosques, which are scattered around the country. [4] The weekend begins on Friday due to Friday being the holiest day for Muslims. Most Muslim countries have a Friday-Saturday or Thursday-Friday weekend. 5] This unique socioeconomic developing in the Persian Gulf has meant that the UAE is mainly more liberal than its neighbors. While Islam is the main religion, Emiratis have been known for their religious tolerance, and churches, Hindu temples, Sikh Gurdwara can be plant alongside mosques. However, thither are no Jewish synagogue in the United Arab Emirates. A cosmopolitan atmosphere is pieceme al growing. As a result there are a variety of foreign-influenced schools, cultural centers, and themed restaurants.\r\n'

'Juvenile Justice Research Paper Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\nThe teen sequenced umpire System has bygone through and through many changes in the States and atomic number 18 represented through half dozen of import uttermosts that will be discussed in this paper. The periods argon call(a)ed the Puritan Era (1646â€1824), the repair st season (1824-1899), the teenaged apostrophizeroom limit (1899-1960), The naked as a jaybird-make Rights Period (1960-1980), the Crime hold back Period (1980-2005), and The Kids argon Different Period (2005-present). teenaged person judge has constantly changed depending on the beliefs, needfully and wants of society during a certain era. thither atomic number 18 amenders who charter fought and continue to do so for the best interest of youthfuls and society. They pay back played a major agency and succeeded in many changes through the late Justice history.\r\nY step to the foreh offense has of all time been present in the linked fixs date back to the colonial period w hen American cities were first conventional in our country. The musical mode youth crime has been exitled has drastically changed over the years. around people may tonus the changes ar for the better, and some may non agree with the changes. However, by taking a look at the history of the jejune schema clearly many reformers stupefy fought for changes and laws to protect and rehabilitate new-fangled wrongdoers.\r\n writings Review\r\nThere argon six briny periods in the emergence of the United States jejune Justice scheme. The first maturation has early ties dating back to the nineteenth century. The earliest attempt to control teenage behavior was during The Puritan Period from 1646 until 1824. The mummy Stubborn Child Law was passed in 1646. The puritans during this time viewed barbarianren as evil and pose responsibility on the family to discipline and sustain youths. If the pargonnts were unsuccessful; the youth would, then be subject to the law. (Cole, Smit h, DeJong page 472). During this time, pip-squeakren over the age of five were treated either as small liberals or property. A seven-year-old child could be metred in criminal salutes. In 1648 in Massachusetts a child who cursed his natural parents could be stage to death (U.S. History). The second period is The Refuge Period from 1824 until 1899. youth crime began to stir invoiceabilityeousness alongside American cities. As a result, reformers began to develop correctional practices.\r\nThe main focus was on urban immigrant poor, pursuit to dumbfound parents declared unfit if their children roamed the streets and were out of control. Of course, not all poor immigrant children were affect in criminal acts but if the parents were viewed as not disciplining or training them to deliver the goods society’s rules, the children would end up in prison. Institutions were afforded, which were half prison and half school house, and they were occupied by orphans and chil dren convicted of crimes. galore(postnominal) children were move in these homes because of neglect or being homeless and stayed until they were bigs. The houses were run by a strict program of work, choose and discipline. Reform schools were also opened to rear discipline and education in a home like atmosphere. Even with the reform schools children could nevertheless be arrested. The process for arrests, trial, and imprisonments were the resembling for children and adults during this period. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472).\r\nThe third period is The insubstantial courtroom Period from 1899 until 1960. Juvenile vice became a focus and reformers pushed for soulfulnessized vex and treatment to offenders of all kinds to include adult criminals, the mentally ill, and juvenile delinquents. They pushed for the use of probation, treatment, equivocal reprobates, and pa habit for adults and succeeded in similar programs for juveniles. The upper-middle divide reformers were call ed child savers, and they fought to use the power of order to save children from a life of crime. They fought for a transgress juvenile court system that could address problems by using negotiable procedures. An act was passed in 1899 for children under 16, which had quadruple main parts, they are a separate court. for juveniles, fewer adversarial procedures than the adult system, separation of children from adults in the system, and programs to assist the courts in deciding what is in the best interest of the child and the state.\r\nThe philosophical system came from the idea that the state would deal with a child much like a good parent would and procedures would be familiar and private. Social workers and psychologists were used in the system instead of lawyers because social workers and psychologists could determine the cardinal behavior problem. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472 †473). consort to (lawyershop) in the article The History of America’s Juvenile Just ice System the modernized Era in the United States was from 1900 until 1918 and was a time of social reform. It follows a period of discontent where American’s experience struggles such as the women’s voter turnout movement, and the fight against child labor. In 1899, the State of Illinois established the first juvenile court and within 30 years, all the states had established juvenile courts. The main difference amidst juvenile and adult court was that juvenile courts were civil in nature and adult courts were criminal. (Maryland.gov).\r\nNext came the Juvenile Rights Period from 1960 until 1980. In the early 1960s lawyers and scholars began to criticize the accomplishment of discretion given to juvenile umpire officials, and the U.S. imperative court expanded the ripes of juveniles. A judge can nowadays antedate jurisdiction and pass a caseful to adult court. Children in a vice hearing were given certain procedural rights such as notice of the up occurs , right to counsel, right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and protection against self- incrimination. Also, early(a) change is the onset of status offenses, which are acts that are not illegal if beamted by an adult such as skipping school or running away. (Cole, Smith, DeJong pages 473 †475). According to (Maryland.gov):\r\nUntil the late 1960s, youth in the juvenile court system did not ware original legal rights. That changed with the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in In re Gault. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that even though juvenile courts were civil proceedings, juveniles subject to these proceedings still faced a potential breathing out of liberty. For that reason, the Supreme Court required that all youth offenders involved in juvenile court proceedings and facing achievable confinement have the following constitutional rights:\r\nThe right to get word notice of charges\r\nThe right to obtain legal counsel\r\nThe right to confro ntation and cross-examination\r\nThe privilege against self-incrimination\r\nThe right to generate a transcript of the proceedings, and\r\nThe right to have an appellate court’s follow-up the lower court’s decision. As a result of Juvenile crime, locomote in the 1970’s the Crime Control Period of 1980-2005 came to surface. The public demand to rupture down on crime began in 1980. The juvenile system changed in love to greater attention being placed on repeat offenders with policy makers vocation for harsher punishment on juveniles who commit crimes and juveniles could now be held in preventative grasp prior to trial if considered a try to society. Crime control policies resulted in a lot more juveniles being act in adult courts and seemed to go beyond the juveniles who were accused of violent crimes. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 475). Some laws were passed that required law enforcement and the courts to automatically charge youth as adults if they were all eged to have committed violent crimes with weapons. (Maryland.gov) We are presently in the Kids Are Different Period, which began in 2005 and is still going on.\r\nThis is a new era in juvenile arbitrator brought on by the new opinion that executions are unconstitutional for crimes committed by anyone vernaler than 18 years. The public opinion was made because juveniles are less deserving of condemn than adults due to factors such as animal(prenominal) and emotional development that comes from emotional development that comes from growth and maturity of the brain. Maturity occurs at age 16, but controls over impulsiveness are not fully developed until age 24 or 26.\r\nBecause of this recognition, new programs and laws are designed to treat juveniles differently than adults. activated and intellectual development plays a role in how children understand or blend to understand their rights. The process for judicial emission to move juveniles to adult court is not used as much during this period. Lawyers are now normally present at stages in the process to include court hearings. Offenders rarely up in punitive environments such as training schools and the juvenile justice system is similar to the adult system but not as formal with the intention to keep juveniles in the community when possible. According to (U.S. History):\r\nIn 2012, the Supreme Court continued its trend of guardianship that children cannot be automatically punished the akin way as adult criminals without considering their age and other factors, by further ruling that juveniles under the age of 18 who commit murder may not receive mandatory life sentences with any luck for word of honor. Each case must be decided on its own merits, and the sentence imposed must take into account the child’s age and other factors.\r\nThe ruling allows judges and juries to consider a juvenile’s age when they hand down sentences for some of the harshest crimes, instead of devising life in prison without parole an automatic sentence. The ruling left open from the possibility that judges can sentence juveniles to life without parole in individual cases of murder, but said state and national laws cannot automatically impose such a sentence. The court recognized that children need supererogatory attention and protection in the regard of the unique status of children and their potential for change.\r\n ratiocination\r\nThe Juvenile Justice System has gone through many changed since youth crime first started in America. It continues to change as reformers fight for juvenile rights and fight to keep rehabilitation programs. At the end of the day, the Juvenile System is here to protect the offender as well as the society as a whole. Juveniles are young enough to change and the rehabilitation programs are worth it, especially when some juveniles change and become a productive penis of society.\r\nReferences\r\nDeJong, C., Cole, G. F., & Smith, C. E. (2013). Chapter 15. In Criminal Justice in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. History of America’s Juvenile Justice System. (n.d.). LawyerShop Site. Retrieved declination 06, 2014, from http://www.lawyershop.com/practice-areas/criminal-law/juvenile-law/history History of Juvenile Justice in the United States. (n.d.). Maryland.gov Department of Juvenile Systems Retrieved declination 05, 2014, from http://www.djs.state.md.us/history-us.asp U.S. History. (n.d.). State of Louisiana/Youth Services/Office of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved December 06, 2014: http://www.ojj.la.gov/index.php?page=sub&id=230\r\n'